The Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Effects on Lipid Biosynthesis of Microalgae

Abstract

Microalgae have outstanding abilities to transform carbon dioxide (CO2) into useful lipids, which makes them extremely promising as renewable sources for manufacturing beneficial compounds. However, during this process, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be inevitably formed via electron transfers in basal metabolisms. While the excessive accumulation of ROS can have negative effects, it has been supported that proper accumulation of ROS is essential to these organisms. Recent studies have shown that ROS increases are closely related to total lipid in microalgae under stress conditions. However, the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce the production and elimination of ROS in microalgae. The roles of ROS in three different signaling pathways for lipid biosynthesis are then reviewed: receptor proteins and phosphatases, as well as redox-sensitive transcription factors. Moreover, the strategies and applications of ROS-induced lipid biosynthesis in microalgae are summarized. Finally, future perspectives in this emerging field are also mentioned, appealing to more researchers to further explore the relative mechanisms. This may contribute to improving lipid accumulation in microalgae.

Evaluation of Virus-Free Chrysanthemum ‘Hangju’ Productivity and Response to Virus Reinfection in the Field: Molecular Insights into Virus–Host Interactions

“…ROS content and ROS-related enzyme activity significantly decreased in RVFH vs. VIH ( Figure 4 C). ROS increases are closely related to total lipids under stress conditions [ 39 ]. Peroxisomes are important organelles in plant cells that participate in various physiological and developmental processes, such as fatty acid β-oxidation and the biosynthesis of hormones and signal molecules [ 40 ].…”

Antioxidants from microalgae and their potential impact on human well-being

“…These compounds can neutralize free radicals and exhibit various health benefits [6,13]. Microalgae like Dunaliella and Porphyridium can also contain vitamin E compounds, such as tocopherols and tocotrienols, which act as antioxidants to protect cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation [27]. Some microalgae, as is the case with the green alga Dunaliella and the bluegreen Spirulina/Arthrospira (Figure 5b), produce antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyze the breakdown of super-oxide radicals, reducing oxidative stress in cells.…”

“…Animal studies can provide insights into the effects of microalgae-derived antioxidants on liver function and hepatic health. Research on animals may reveal the impact of microalgae-derived antioxidants on immune function and overall immune system support [27,78].…”

“…Microalgae-derived antioxidants like astaxanthin and β-carotene have shown promise in protecting the skin from UV-induced oxidative damage and promoting skin health in animal studies. Microalgae-derived compounds, particularly polysaccharides and phycobiliproteins, have also been investigated for their potential prebiotic and anti-inflammatory effects on gut health [27,80].…”

A Green Revolution in Antioxidant Research: Harnessing Microalgae for Wellness and Longevity

“…Some microalgae, as is the case with the green alga Dunaliella and the blue-green Spirulina/ Arthrospira (Figure 5b), produce antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyze the breakdown of superoxide radicals, reducing oxidative stress in cells. Microalgae also contain glutathione, a tripeptide antioxidant that helps in maintaining cellular redox balance by scavenging free radicals [28]. The antioxidant properties of these bioactive compounds make microalgae potential candidates for various applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.…”