Background The aim of this study was to assess changes in skin microbiota of wrestlers during training sessions and to determine the sensitivity of hemolytic bacterial isolates to antiseptics. Methods The main skin bacterial isolates obtained from the skin of 15 wrestlers were identified by cultivation method, with the following MALDI Biotyper and 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods. The sensitivity of hemolytic isolates to antiseptics (Veltosept-2, Cutasept F, Chlorhexidine, Miramistin, and Hydrogen Peroxide) was evaluated by measuring the size of bacterial growth inhibition zone on agar plates. Results Opportunistic bacteria of the species Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus were the most commonly found species in skin microbiota of wrestlers before and after training sessions. Representatives of all these species mostly had a hemolytic activity. An alcohol-containing antiseptic Veltosept-2 showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the bacterial isolates of athletes' skin microbiota most frequently detected in this study. Conclusions The general increase in the bacterial colonization of wrestlers' skin, as well as the presence of hemolytic forms of opportunistic bacteria in cutaneous microbiota, indicates dysbiotic changes and a decrease in the protective features of the host organism. Veltosept-2 application can reduce the incidence of skin infections in contact sports athletes with the highest efficiency.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown etiology. There are limited treatment options due to an incomplete understanding of disease pathology. The disease is shown to have seasonal exacerbation of clinical symptoms. The mechanisms of such seasonal worsening of symptoms remains unknown. In this study, we applied targeted metabolomics analysis of serum samples using LC-MC/MC to determine seasonal changes in metabolites throughout the four seasons. We also analyzed seasonal serum cytokine alterations in patients with relapsed MS. For the first time, we can demonstrate seasonal changes in various metabolites in MS compared to the control. More metabolites were affected in MS in the fall season followed by spring, while summer MS was characterized by the smallest number of affected metabolites. Ceramides were activated in all seasons, suggesting their central role in the disease pathogenesis. Substantial changes in glucose metabolite levels were found in MS, indicating a potential shift to glycolysis. An increased serum level of quinolinic acid was demonstrated in winter MS. Histidine pathways were affected, suggesting their role in relapse of MS in the spring and fall. We also found that spring and fall seasons had a higher number of overlapping metabolites affected in MS. This could be explained by patients having a relapse of symptoms during these two seasons.
The study of the molecular network that causes the corresponding outcome can facilitate the development of new approaches for the treatment of inflammatory processes. The derivatives of LAMPs and MALP-2 and of their analogues may prove promising for the treatment of diseases associated with chronic inflammation.
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