The tissues of the head of honey bees which are kept in the areas with a medium and low level of technogenic burden demonstrate the decrease in the contents of iron, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, lead and cadmium in comparison with the tissues of the head of honey bees grown in areas with a high level of technogenic burden. Due to the activity of saturated fatty acids with the even and odd number of carbon atoms in chain, monounsaturated fatty acids of n-7 and n-9 families and polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 and n-6 families, the contents of anionic fatty acids, which are inaccessible for the bee body, decreases in the tissues of the head of honey bees which are kept in the areas with a medium and low level of technogenic burden in comparison with the tissues of the head of honey bees grown in areas with a high level of technogenic burden. 3. Monounsaturated fatty acids of n-7 and n-9 families and polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 and n-6 families in the tissues of the head of honey bees lead to increase of the total number of easily accessible non-esterified fatty acids for the honey bees which are kept in the areas with a medium and low level of technogenic burden in comparison with the tissues of the head of honey bees grown in areas with a high level of technogenic burden. Furthermore, the intensity of transformations of the non-esterified form of linolenic acid in its more long-chain and more unsaturated derivatives rises in the head tissues of the former. This fact indicates that the reduction of technogenic impact on the area results in the increase of the activity of desaturase in the tissues of the head of honey bees. The contents of heavy metals, anionic and non-esterified fatty acids in the tissues of the head of honey bees which are kept in the areas with low level of technogenic burden undergoes the most significant changes.
The problem of providing the population with food is one of the most important and complex among the problems that society faces today. Food must not only meet the human needs for essential nutrients and energy, but also perform preventive and curative functions. Mutton is one of the foods that meets these requirements. It is distinguished by its high nutritional properties and taste. It can be a potential source of various pathogens and pollutants under certain condition that will pose a risk to the health of the consumer. Monitoring of separate elements of the safety and quality management system of slaughter products of small cattle under the influence of epidemiological (veterinary) factors was the aim of our research. Reporting on veterinary medicine issues in the Tatarbunarsky district of the Odessa region for 2013–2017, which was processed statistically, was the material of our research. It found that the main specific mass of number of small cattle grown in Homstead farms by inhabitants of the area. The district veterinary service carried out a number of diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures during the trial period. In the Household farms only mandatory activities were carried out, which are founded from the budget account (serological tests for brucellosis and preventive vaccination against Anthrax). Analysis of the volumes and conditions of slaughter of small cattle in the area showed that the number of slaughtered animals invariably decreases from year to year and 100% of slaughter is carried out by the farmer in the conditions of homestead farms. It was also established that in the experimental period, according to results of pre-slaughter clinical examination of animals and post-slaughter examination no cases of illness were identified. Selling of slaughter products of small cattle is carried out through a distributing facilities of agrofood markets of district and region. The analysis found that all carcasses that entered to the markets succumbed to veterinary-sanitary examination in State Laboratories of Veterinary-Sanitary Examination, the results of which in 2015 and 2016 reveald cases of invasive diseases (fasciolosis and echinococcosis). This fact is worrying about the quality of its conducts in the conditions of the household slaughter, accuming that during the post-slaughter veterinary-sanitary examination no cases of illness have been identified. Summarizing the monitoring results we obtained, we concluded that at this stage the safety management system for the products of slaughter of small cattle cannot fully guarantee consumer safety and requires urgent complex measures to increase efficiency.
Dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine is set the task that require a radical restructuring of the industry, bringing it out of a difficult crisis situation in order to increase the production of valuable food for the population and raw materials for industry The dairy industry is a very important part of all agricultural production. The socio-economic development of the state as a whole depends on the current situation in milk production. Quality milk must meet the requirements not only for physicochemical parameters (acidity, density, mass fraction of dry matter, protein, fat), but above all be safe, ie meet the current requirements for levels of contamination with microorganisms, the number of somatic cells, maximum permissible levels toxic elements, mycotoxins, residual amounts of antimicrobials, drugs and other substances. The quality and safety of cow's milk as a raw material is a global and unresolved issue for our country. The quality of milk cannot be improved in the process of its processing, so the milk quality management system at the enterprise should be focused on high-tech processes of its production, primary processing with the use of preventive measures. At present, the issue of high-quality milk production in Ukraine is urgent. Despite the trend, the population's demand for quality dairy products is increasing every year, so the issue of increasing the productivity of the dairy herd and milk quality through the use of modern high-tech conditions of keeping and milking. Therefore, the identification of factors influencing the process of milk production in farms is aimed at solving quality and safety problems and provides information on how to better and more effectively control hazards in the overall process.
The article provides data on changes in biochemical indicators of blood serum of high-yielding cows under conditions of subclinical ketosis and its effect on milk's physical and chemical composition. The decrease in glucose and insulin concentrations mediates the main metabolic changes necessary to stabilize blood glucose levels, which include an increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis, a decrease in lipogenesis and an increase in the release of nonesterified fatty acids from fat, an increase in the uptake and metabolism of fatty acids in hepatocyte mitochondria, and excessive formation of ketone bodies. Fatty acids and ketone bodies are used as an alternative source of energy in the heart, kidney, skeletal muscle, and mammary glands to conserve glucose further and restore energy balance. However, cows that do not undergo the necessary metabolic adaptations are susceptible to hyperketonemia. Hypoglycemia, increased activity of enzymes, and increased activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were detected in sick animals by two and three times, respectively, compared to healthy animals. The total bilirubin content in sick cows' blood serum increased three times compared to the indicators of healthy animals. An increase in milk fat (up to 5 %), 1.3 times more than in healthy animals, and a decrease in total protein (up to 3.11 %). The number of somatic cells in the average milk sample of sick animals was 349 thousand/cm3 and 90 thousand/cm3 in healthy ones, which significantly worsens milk quality. The increase in the number of somatic cells in the milk of animals suffering from subclinical ketosis is due to a decrease in both the general resistance of the body and the ability of macrophages to phagocytosis; with ketonemia, a significant amount of histamine is formed, which leads to inflammatory processes of the mammary gland; the ability of leukocytes to migrate to the foci of inflammation decreases, which determines the protracted course of the disease.
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