The formation of jets such as dynamic fibrils, mottles, and spicules in the solar chromosphere is one of the most important, but also most poorly understood, phenomena of the Sun's magnetized outer atmosphere. We use extremely high resolution observations from the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope combined with advanced numerical modeling to show that in active regions these jets are a natural consequence of upwardly propagating slow-mode magnetoacoustic shocks. These shocks form when waves generated by convective flows and global p-mode oscillations in the lower lying photosphere leak upward into the magnetized chromosphere. We find excellent agreement between observed and simulated jet velocities, decelerations, lifetimes, and lengths. Our findings suggest that previous observations of quiet-Sun spicules and mottles may also be interpreted in light of a shockdriven mechanism.

We present unprecedented high resolution Hα observations, obtained with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope, that, for the first time, spatially and temporally resolve dynamic fibrils in active regions on the Sun. These jet-like features are similar to mottles or spicules in quiet Sun. We find that most of these fibrils follow almost perfect parabolic paths in their ascent and descent. We measure the properties of the parabolic paths taken by 257 fibrils, and present an overview of the deceleration, maximum velocity, maximum length and duration, as well as their widths and the thickness of a bright ring that often occurs above dynamic fibrils. We find that the observed deceleration of the projected path is typically only a fraction of solar gravity, and incompatible with a ballistic path at solar gravity. We report on significant differences of fibril properties between those occurring above a dense plage region, and those above a less dense plage region where the magnetic field seems more inclined from the vertical. We compare these findings to advanced numerical 2D radiative MHD simulations, and find that fibrils are most likely formed by chromospheric shock waves that occur when convective flows and global oscillations leak into the chromosphere along the field lines of magnetic flux concentrations. Detailed comparison of observed and simulated fibril properties shows striking similarities of the values for deceleration, maximum velocity, maximum length and duration. We compare our results with observations of mottles and find that a similar mechanism is most likely at work in the quiet Sun.

We use state-of-the-art radiation-MHD simulations and 3D non-LTE radiative transfer computations to investigate Hα line formation in the solar chromosphere and apply the results of this investigation to develop the potential of Hα as diagnostic of the chromosphere.We show that one can accurately model Hα line formation assuming statistical equilibrium and complete frequency redistribution provided the computation of the model atmosphere included nonequilibrium ionization of hydrogen, and the Lyman-α and Lyman-β line profiles are described by Doppler profiles.We find that 3D radiative transfer is essential in modeling hydrogen lines due to the low photon destruction probability in Hα. The Hα opacity in the upper chromosphere is mainly sensitive to the mass density and only weakly sensitive to temperature.We find that the Hα line-core intensity is correlated with the average formation height: the larger the average formation height, the lower the intensity. The line-core width is a measure of the gas temperature in the line-forming region. The fibril-like dark structures seen in Hα line-core images computed from our model atmosphere are tracing magnetic field lines. These structures are caused by field-aligned ridges of enhanced chromospheric mass density that raise their average formation height, and therefore makes them appear dark against their deeper-formed surroundings. We compare with observations, and find that the simulated line-core widths are very similar to the observed ones, without the need for additional microturbulence.

An extension of Joint Phase Diverse Speckle image restoration is presented. Multiple realizations of multiple objects having known wavefront relations with each other can now be restored jointly. As the alignment of the imaging setup does not change, near-perfect alignment can be achieved between different objects, thus greatly reducing false signals in the determination of derived quantities, such as magnetograms, Dopplergrams, etc. The method was implemented in C++ as an image restoration server, to which worker clients can connect and disconnect randomly, so that a large number of CPUs can be used to speed up the restorations. We present a number of examples of applications of the restoration method to observations obtained with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope on La Palma.

High-resolution images obtained in Hα with the new Swedish Solar Telescope at La Palma, Spain, have been used for studies of fine-scale threads in solar filaments. The widths of the thin threads are ≤0.3 arc sec. The fact that the width of the thinnest threads is comparable to the diffraction limit of the telescope of about 0.14 arc sec, at the wavelength of Hα, suggests that even thinner threads may exist. Assuming that the threads represent thin magnetic strings, we conclude that only a small fraction of these are filled with observable absorbing plasma, at a given time. The absorbing plasma is continuously flowing along the thread structures at velocities 15 ± 10 km s −1 , which suggests that the flows must be field-aligned. In one case where a bundle of thin threads appears to be rooted in the nearby photosphere, we find that the individual threads connects with intergranular, dark lanes in the photosphere. We do not find signs of typical network fields at the 'roots' of the fine threads, as normally evidenced by bright points in associated G-band images. It is suggested that filament threads are rooted in relatively weak magnetic fields.

While the nature of the heating mechanisms in the corona remains elusive their associated cooling is also a poorly known but a far less observationally restrictive subject. In this work, we analyse coordinated observations spanning chromospheric, transition region (TR) and coronal temperatures at very high resolution which reveal essential characteristics of thermally unstable plasmas. Coronal rain is found to be a highly multi-thermal phenomenon with a high degree of co-spatiality in the multi-wavelength emission. EUV darkening and quasi-periodic intensity variations are found to be strongly correlated to coronal rain and especially 'showers'. Progressive cooling of coronal rain is observed, leading to a height dependence of the emission. Furthermore, a fast-slow twostep catastrophic cooling progression is found, which may reflect the transition to optically thick plasma states. The intermittent and clumpy appearance of coronal rain at coronal heights becomes more continuous and persistent at chromospheric heights just before impact, in agreement with previous observations above sunspots. This change of character is mainly due to a funnel effect from the observed expansion of the magnetic field at low heights. Strong density inhomogeneities on spatial scales of 0.2 ′′ − 0.5 ′′ are found, in which TR to chromospheric temperature transition occurs at the lowest detectable scales. The shape of the distribution of coronal rain widths is found to be independent of temperature with peaks close to the resolution limit of each telescope, ranging from 0.2 ′′ to 0.8 ′′ . However we find a sharp increase of clump numbers at the coolest wavelengths and especially at higher resolution, suggesting that the bulk of the rain distribution remains undetected. Rain clumps appear organised in strands. Such structure is not limited to chromospheric temperatures but extends at least to TR temperatures as well, suggesting an important role of thermal instability in the shaping of fundamental loop substructure. At the smallest detected scales

High-resolution imaging-spectroscopy movies of solar active region NOAA 10998 obtained with the Crisp Imaging Spectropolarimeter at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope show very bright, rapidly flickering, flame-like features that appear intermittently in the wings of the Balmer Hα line in a region with moat flows and likely some flux emergence. They show up at regular Hα blue-wing bright points that outline the magnetic network, but flare upward with much larger brightness and distinct "jet" morphology seen from aside in the limbward view of these movies. We classify these features as Ellerman bombs and present a morphological study of their appearance at the unprecedented spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution of these observations. The bombs appear along the magnetic network with footpoint extents up to 900 km. They show apparent travel away from the spot along the pre-existing network at speeds of about 1 km s −1 . The bombs flare repetitively with much rapid variation at timescales of seconds only, in the form of upward jet-shaped brightness features. These reach heights of 600-1200 km and tend to show blueshifts; some show bi-directional Doppler signature and some seem accompanied with an Hα surge. They are not seen in the core of Hα due to shielding by overlying chromospheric fibrils. The network where they originate has normal properties. The morphology of these jets strongly supports deep-seated photospheric reconnection of emergent or moat-driven magnetic flux with pre-existing strong vertical network fields as the mechanism underlying the Ellerman bomb phenomenon.

A spectacular manifestation of solar activity is the appearance of transient brightenings in the far wings of the Hα line, known as Ellerman bombs (EBs). Recent observations obtained by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph have revealed another type of plasma "bombs" (UV bursts) with high temperatures of perhaps up to 8×10 4 K within the cooler lower solar atmosphere. Realistic numerical modeling showing such events is needed to explain their nature. Here, we report on 3D radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetic flux emergence in the solar atmosphere. We find that ubiquitous reconnection between emerging bipolar magnetic fields can trigger EBs in the photosphere, UV bursts in the mid/low chromosphere and small (nano-/micro-) flares (10 6 K) in the upper chromosphere. These results provide new insights intothe emergence and build up of the coronal magnetic field and the dynamics and heating of the solar surface and lower atmosphere.