I.Introduction2II.Why Functional Proteomics?3 A. The Complementarity of Genomics and Proteomics3 B. Genotypes and Protein Phenotypes3 C. New Views of Biological Function5 D. The Role of Mass Spectrometry6 E. Current General Areas of Proteome Research7 1. Mapping of Total Cellular Proteins7 2. Subcellular Complexes and Organelles10 3. Protein Phenotypes and Function13 F. The Need for and Utility of Functional Proteomics15 1. Definition of Functional Proteomics.15 2. A New Biology—Networks, Fluxes, and Dynamics at the Molecular Level16 3. The Importance of Assigning Gene Functions in Context16 4. Practical Advantages of Functional Proteomics17III.Recent Applications of Functional Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry17 A. Changes in Cellular Environment17 B. Direct Observation of Growth Factor Signal Transduction19 C. Protein Synthesis Following Directed Cellular Perturbation22 D. Directed Measurement of Functional Classes of Proteins24 E. Global Detection of Specific Types of Functional Activities in Cells25 F. Investigating the Function of Individual Proteins26 G. Summary29IV.Technical Advances for Functional Proteomics29 A. “Total” Proteins29 B. Display Methodologies31 C. Quantification Methods33 1. Chemical Staining33 2. Antibody‐Based Detection Methods33 3. New Multi‐Photon Detection Methods for Detection of Radioactive Labels34 D. Implications for Automation34V.Perspectives36 A. Directions for Functional Proteomics36 1. Studies of Cells in Culture36 2. Single Cells36 3. Tissue Samples37 4. Medical and Pharmaceutical Themes37 5. Comparative Proteomics37 B. Perturbation Methods—The Importance of Time Scales, Kinetics, and Fluxes38 C. The “Virtual Proteome”39 D. Constructing the “Virtual Proteome”: Community‐Based Proteomics42 1. Standards for Display Maps of the Proteome43 2. Standards for Mass Spectrometric Identification of Proteins43 3. Databases44 E. Implications for Mass Spectrometry45 1. Sensitivity and Functional Proteomics45 2. Phenotypic Characterization of Proteins46 3. Automated Analysis of MS Data in Proteomics47 F. Conclusion48Acknowledgments48References48
This retrospective review is the largest series on benign giant-cell tumor of bone with histologically benign pulmonary metastases. The paradox of a metastasizing "benign" tumor is well documented, and numerous cases have been reported [1 -7]. The lungs are the principal site of metastases, and the pulmonary lesions are pathologically indistinguishable from the primary tumor. Although many cases of giant-cell tumor with pulmonary metastases have been reported from an orthopedic perspective, this topic has received little consideration in radiologic literature. We reviewed both the dinical findings and the radiologic appearance of benign giant-cell tumor of bone with pulmonary metastases and herein report our experience.
Materials and MethodsApproximately 9000 patients with primary bone tumors were seen at our institution before 1990. Of these, 475 patients had benign giant-cell tumors of bone. We reviewed the medical records of all patients in whom benign giant-cell tumor of bone was diagnosed, and we selected only those patients who also had histologically proved benign pulmonary metastases.Benign giant-cell tumor was characterized by the absence of atypical nuclei and a high mitotic rate. Thirteen (3%) of the 475 patients fulfilled our criteria. Clinical and pathologic information was obtained from the medical records, and radiologic examinations were evaluated. Patients were followed up for a mean of 1 1 years (range, 1-24 years).
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