aquifer, Englishtown aquifer, and Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system. The geologic formations and their geohydrologic characteristics are given in table 1. Plate 1 presents hydrogeologic sections showing the stratigraphic relationships between the major aquifers and confining beds. The Kirkwood-Cohansey is the most heavily pumped aquifer in the study area. Major artesian aquifers in the area are the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy, Englishtown, Manasquan, and Atlantic City 800-foot sand which is part of the Kirkwood Formation. Minor artesian aquifers included in this report are the Wenonah-Mount Laurel, Vincentown, and Rio Grande water-bearing zone within the Kirkwood Formation. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Samples were collected from numerous wells and a few streams. Because emphasis was on the regional groundwater quality, large-capacity wells were sampled if available. These wells draw water from a large volume of an aquifer and therefore are representative of the average quality of ground water in the vicinity (Wood, 1976). Smaller capacity wells were sampled where no major supply wells were available. Observation wells were sampled by use of a portable submersible pump or a peristaltic pump. Water samples were analyzed for the constituents listed in table 2.
For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Cauller, S.J., Voronin, L.M., and Chepiga, M.M., 2016, Simulated effects of groundwater withdrawals from aquifers in Ocean County and vicinity, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5035, 77 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165035. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Acknowledgments Lloyd G. Mullikin of the New Jersey Geological and Water Survey provided hydrogeologicframework data and interpretations in support of this project. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply, provided the well-permit, water-allocationpermit, and water-use data used in the study. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection provided funding for the development of the groundwater flow model.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of U.S. Geological Survey employees Nicholas Smith in the collection of groundwater-level data, and Jennifer Shourds and John Nawyn in the tabulation of water-use data for this project. Jean Brown performed base-flow separations, and Debra Buxton estimated monthly recharge. Daryll Pope assisted in the development of input files for the Recharge package, and Flow and Head Boundary package of the groundwater-flow model. Leon Kauffman provided a method to graphically present output from particle tracking analysis. Erzsebet Potyo volunteered her time in the preparation of several draft figures. Critical review of the draft report by Cheryl Dieter and Glen Carleton improved the overall content, while reviews by Ruth Larkins and Marc Zimmerman improved the clarity of the text. Gregory Simpson created the layout of report text and figures, and the digital archive of the groundwater-flow model was prepared by Martha Watt. AbstractRapid population growth since
For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Conversion FactorsInch/Pound to SI Multiply AbstractElevated concentrations of nitrogen in groundwater that discharges to surface-water bodies can degrade surface-water quality and habitats in the New Jersey Coastal Plain. An analysis of groundwater flow in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system and deeper confined aquifers that underlie the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH) watershed and estuary was conducted by using groundwater-flow simulation, in conjunction with a particle-tracking routine, to provide estimates of groundwater flow paths and travel times to streams and the BB-LEH estuary.Water-quality data from the Ambient Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network, a long-term monitoring network of wells distributed throughout New Jersey, were used to estimate the initial nitrogen concentration in recharge for five different land-use classes-agricultural cropland or pasture, agricultural orchard or vineyard, urban non-residential, urban residential, and undeveloped. Land use at the point of recharge within the watershed was determined using a geographic information system (GIS). Flow path starting locations were plotted on land-use maps for 1930, 1973, 1986, 1997, and 2002. Information on the land use at the time and location of recharge, time of travel to the discharge location, and the point of discharge were determined for each simulated flow path. Particle-tracking analysis provided the link from the point of recharge, along the particle flow path, to the point of discharge, and the particle travel time. The travel time of each simulated particle established the recharge year. Land use during the year of recharge was used to define the nitrogen concentration associated with each flow path. The rechargeweighted average nitrogen concentration for all flow paths that discharge to the Toms River upstream from streamflow-gaging station 01408500 or to the BB-LEH estuary was calculated.Groundwater input into the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary from two main sources-indirect discharge from base flow to streams that eventually flow into the bay and groundwater discharge directly into the estuary and adjoining coastal wetlands-is summarized by quantity, travel time, and estimated nitrogen concentration. Simulated average groundwater discharge to streams in the watershed that flow into the BB-LEH estuary is approximately 400 million gallon...
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