A complex index characterizing the biological activity of soils (BAS) is suggested. It is based on an estimate of the level of activity of catalase; the number of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon oxidizing microor ganisms, microscopic fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria; and the degree of development of higher plants and insects in the studied soil. The data on using the BAS coefficient for evaluating the efficiency of rehabilitation measures for oil polluted soils are given. Such measures included introducing the following biological prep arations: Lenoil based on a natural consortium of microorganisms Bacillus brevis and Arthrobacter sp.; the Azolen biofertilizer with complex action based on Azotobacter vinelandii; the Belvitamil biopreparation, which is the active silt of pulp and paper production; and a ready mixed industrial association of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that contains hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms of the Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Candida, Desulfovibrio, and Pseudomonas genera.
Mycorrhiza formation plays a key role in the adaptation of light-coniferous species of urbanized territories, since the fungal symbiont acts as a barrier against technogenic impact. The article presents the study of mycorrhiza formation of Pinus sylvestris and Larix sukaczewii in urbanized ecosystems of the Strelitamak industrial center, Republic of Bashkortostan. The material was sampled in 2009 and 2016 at 8 sample plots. Anatomical and morphological structures of trees roots absorbing parts were analysed, micropreparations of cross sections were made. Mycorrhiza formation under the influence of technogenic pollution is not suppressed, the development of the fungal component of mycorrhiza increases. Pine mycorrhizal associations were found to be more sensitive to industrial pollution than larch mycorrhiza. The variety of fungus sheath of light coniferous species changes according to a single scheme. The plant makes for the unfavorable ecological conditions by a higher level of mycorrhiza formation development.
The genus Hemerocallis L. (daylily, krasnodnev) belongs to the family Hemerocallidaceae R. BR. of the order Ammaryllidales and is a member of the subfamily Asphodelodeae of the tribe Hemerocallideae. Representatives of this genus have long been grown in a number of countries of Southeast Asia as food, medicinal and ornamental plants.The genus includes about 25 species; seven species of the genus Hemerocallis L. grow on the territory of the Russian Federation. The world assortment of Hemerocallis hybrida hort. currently has more than 72 thousand varieties. The underground and aboveground organs of representatives of this genus are used in folk medicine in the treatment of tumors, hepatitis, rheumatism, dysuria, liver diseases, digestive organs; flowers and leaves are used for food. The elemental composition of representatives of the genus Hemerocallis L. growing on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan was studied. As a result of the study, it was found that the content of lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, nickel in all studied plant materials does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) regulated by the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. The varietal specificity of the element accumulation in plant leaves was revealed. The composition of secondary metabolites includes such compounds as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, rutin), coumarins, tannins, vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C, P), essential oils, which determines a wide range of biological activity of plants of the genus Hemerocallis L. In the countries of Southeast Asia, Hemerocallis L. is often used for food and in agriculture; therefore, the analysis of the elemental composition reveals the perspective of using these plants in the food industry of our region.
This article sheds light on the role diatomic algae in soils play in the assessment of bee farm and nearby territories in four soil and landscape zones in Samarskaya Oblast. The community of diatomic algae is characterized by low species diversity, of which 23 taxons were found. The most often found species are represented by Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow and Luticola mutica (Kützing) D.G.Mann in Round et al. The maximum of phyla (18) were found in the buffer (transient) zone; in the wooded steppe zone, 11 species were recorded; in the steppe – 2 species, and in the dry steppe zone no species of diatomic algae were found. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of diatomic algae communities in various biotopes depend on the natural and climate features of a territory and the degree of the anthropogenic impact on the soil and vegetation, which is proved by the fact that high species wealth signifies that the ecosystem is stable and resilient to the changing conditions in the environment, while poor algal flora is less resilient due to the lower degree of diversity.
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