Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by destruction of nonmineralized and mineralized connective tissues. This study evaluated the role of Trem1 (triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 1) in periodontitis by influencing polarization of M1 macrophages through the STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Trem1 was significantly upregulated in the gingival tissues of patients with periodontitis, as identified by high-throughput RNA sequencing, and positively correlated with levels of M1 macrophage–associated genes. The results of flow cytometry, Western blotting, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that knockdown of Trem1 in RAW 264.7 cells decreased polarization of M1 macrophages and increased polarization of M2 macrophages, while overexpression of Trem1 exerted an opposite effect. Furthermore, a mouse model of Trem1 knockout periodontitis exhibited limited infiltration of macrophages and decreased expression levels of M1 macrophage–associated genes in periodontitis lesions and bone marrow–derived macrophages. Importantly, we found that Trem1 could regulate polarization of M1 macrophages through STAT3/HIF-1α signaling as evidenced by RNA sequencing. Moreover, inhibition of Trem1 and HIF-1α could suppress the expression level of proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin 1β) and upregulate the expression level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 10) in periodontitis. Collectively, we identified that the Trem1/STAT3/HIF-1α axis could regulate polarization of M1 macrophages and is a potential candidate in the treatment of periodontitis.
Purpose: Animal studies suggested that there is an independent bone-osteocalcin-gonadal axis, except of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Based on this hypothesis, the higher osteocalcin during the high bone turnover should be followed by higher testosterone formation. Yet such clinical evidence is limited. The patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism are proper model with high bone turnover. If this hypothesis is true, there should be high testosterone level in patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. Therefore, Graves? disease patients were recruited to study the correlation between osteocalcin and testosterone. Materials and Methods: 50 male hyperthyroidism patients with Graves? disease and 50 health persons matched by age and gender were enrolled in our cross-section study. Serum markers for thyroid hormone, sex hormone and bone metabolic markers including free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide fragments of type I collagen (CTX) were examined. The demographic parameters such as duration of disease were also collected. All data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Results: High testosterone and osteocalcin level was observed in the hyperthyroidism patients (T 36.35?10.72?nmol/l and OC 46.79?26.83?ng/ml). In simple Pearson correlation, testosterone was positively associated with OC (r=0.486, P<0.001), and this positive relation still existed after adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, duration of disease, FT3, FT4, LH, FSH, CTX in multi-linear regression analysis (See Model 1?4). Conclusion: In male hyperthyroidism patients, osteocalcin was positively correlated with serum testosterone, which indirectly supports the hypothesis that serum osteocalcin participates in the regulation of sex hormone.
International audienceThis article presents a dynamic computational model for analysing the correlation between rail's natural frequencies and the longitudinal stress generated by temperature variation. The model includes a rail, sleepers, and the foundation. Some factors such as the rail section profile, rail wear, and the stiffness of fasteners are also considered. Based on the model, numerical computational analyses are performed. The relationship between the rail's longitudinal temperature force and the natural frequency is also studied. The influences of parameters such as the wear of the rail, unsupported distance of adjoining sleepers, fastener stiffness, rail types, and foundation stiffness are investigated. A field experiment is also presented that was performed to investigate the relationship between the rail's dynamic characteristics and the longitudinal stress generated by temperature variation with various unsupported sleeper spacings. The results of analysis and in-field measurements are compared
The impinging spray development inside direct-injection spark ignition (DISI) engines directly influences the engine performance and emissions. A detailed understanding of this process is very important in designing an injection system and controlling a strategy. To examine the effects of various factors on the development of a spray impinging on the piston top surface, experiments were conducted under various injection pressures, ambient pressures, and piston top surface shapes inside an optical constant-volume chamber employing a high-speed shadow photography technique. Also, the effects of the injection pressure, ambient pressure, and piston top surface shape on the impinging spray concentration, impinging spray tip penetration, impinging spray radius, impinging spray height, and impinging spray tip speed were analysed. It is shown that atomization after the spray had impinged on the piston top surface became increasingly better as the injection pressure increased. The concentration of the spray plumes before and after the spray had impinged on the piston top surface became increasingly richer as the ambient pressure increased. The impinging spray tip penetration and radius increased with increasing injection pressure, but the impinging spray tip penetration and radius decreased with increasing ambient pressure. This investigation is favourable to providing further basic data for the impinging spray history and the mixture preparation of DISI engines.
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