Purpose. To investigate and analyze the content of the essential nutrients, different carbohydrate fractions and nutritional value of green mass and prepared alfalfa hay of different harvests Methods. There were used Keldal’s method to determine crude protein content, Henneberg and Stoman’s method to determine crude gluten content, extraction method to determine crude fat content, the method of dry ashing to determine crude ash content, to investigate the content of the essential nutrients and nutritional value of alfalfa green mass of different harvests and the hay produced from it. The polarimetric method was been used to determine the content of starch and sugar and study the composition of the carbohydrate-lignin complex of alfalfa green mass and hay. Indices of neutral-detergent and acid-detergent gluten were determined according to the detergent analysis scheme. Results. Alfalfa green mass has its specific characteristics, but weather conditions have a significant effect on the content and ratio of structural carbohydrates. As a rule, the first harvesting is conducted in the budding phase in the first decade of May, the second one in the second decade of June, and the third one in the second decade of July. The latter tends to increase sugar content and the amount of easily soluble carbohydrates, and the content of hemicellulose reduces by 20—40 %. The fourth harvesting is carried out in the second decade of August and its green mass has fewer easily soluble carbohydrates, especially starch and the highest content of cellulose and lignin. Crude protein content in it is 18.97 % less and the index of crude and neutral detergent gluten content is higher on average by 20 %. Indices of non-nitrogen-extractive substances and nonstructural carbohydrates are, on the contrary, lower by 3—7 and 5—10 %, respectively. As for inorganic substances and lipids, their content is practically the same. Nutritional value is expressed in feed units on the same level in alfalfa green mass of the first three harvests and the fourth one is lower by 3—5 %. The exchange energy is also the lowest in the green mass of the fourth harvest on average by 3.7 %. Drying of alfalfa green mass in accordance with the technology provides high quality, nutrient-rich hay in which crude protein content is lower, compared with the green mass recalculated into absolute dry matter, and indicators that characterize structural carbohydrates are, on the contrary, higher.
The purpose. In order to increase soybean yield to develop the agent for pre-sowing seed treatment and crop spraying in the budding phase, and application of an agent for Round-up resistant soybean should reduce the synthesis of unnatural peptides with glycine glyphosate in the structure of proteins, which can cause unpredictable consequences for animals and humans. Methods. Laboratory and field experiments on chickens and hens. Results. The agent «Zernovit» for pre-sowing seed treatment of soybean seeds (patent of Ukraine for utility model No.119739, 2017) and in the budding phase has been developed. In addition, the formation of unnatural peptides of glycine glyphosate in the structure of proteins decreases through the stimulation of protein synthesis in the genetically modified soybean when applying «Zernovit». Conclusions. The agent «Zernovit» for pre-sowing soybean seed treatment and application in the budding phase, which provides an increase by 16.8 % in yields against the control of 2.8 t/ha, has been developed and tested in the conditions of production, and when it is used in genetically modified soybean it reduces the synthesis of unnatural peptides with glycine glyphosate in the structure of soybean protein when sprayed with Round-up. This is due to the stimulation of the protein synthesis that prevents the inclusion of glycine glyphosate in the unnatural peptides of the protein synthesis.
One of the main conditions for cultivating grain crops is the production of high yields of high quality grain. However, even well-formed healthy-looking seed are not always of good quality. Wheat grain infestation with mycoflora occurs at different times, e.g. in the period of vegetation, during harvesting, especially in conditions of high humidity, during threshing, during storage of seeds with high humidity. Mycoflora on the seeds can be saprophytic (penicillas, mucor, alternaria, aspergillas, etc.) and pathogenic (helminthiosporium, fusariosis, septoriosis, etc.). The purpose of our research was to study the level of winter wheat infestation with pathogenic microorganisms, to determine their species composition and to investigate whether the level of grain infestation affects protein and gluten content. The species composition of the epiphytic mycoflora of winter wheat grain during the harvesting period and its influence on the food quality of grain are studied, measures are taken to limit its harmfulness.
Purpose. To establish the presence and range of mycotoxins in feed grains widely used in farm animal feed. Methods. The content of mycotoxins was determined in grain samples of cereals (wheat, barley, corn, oats). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Sunrise analyzer was used for determination. The method involves the use of test systems (manufactured by “Neogen”), which allow to determine six major mycotoxins: aflatoxin, deoxynivalenone, zearalenone, fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2 toxin. The basis of this method is the attachment to the antibody enzyme label, which allows taking into account the result of the antigen-antibody reaction on detecting enzymatic activity or changing its level. The antibody is specific for a particular type of mycotoxin. Results. The most harmful of the known mycotoxins are aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin, fuminisin. Determination of the first four was carried out in the feed grain of cereals (wheat, barley, oats, corn). The content of aflatoxin was within the range 0.017-0.21 mg/kg, an acceptable level in accordance with the standards (0.1 mg/kg). The amount of zearalenone ranged from 0.10 mg/kg to 3.51 mg/kg at an acceptable level of 3.0 mg/kg. As to deoxynivalenone, the content of this mycotoxin ranged from 0.52 mg/kg to 3.14 mg/kg at an acceptable level of 3.0 mg/kg. Contamination of feed grains with mycotoxin T-2 toxin is defined in the range 0.02-0.60 mg/kg at its permissible level 0.2 mg/kg. The maximum level of each of the mycotoxins was determined in corn grain, which is most often infected with molds. Currently, the only way to hold in check these hazardous substances is to control their content and make every effort to reduce their amount in feed and raw materials. Conclusion. Analyzing the data of the conducted researches, it can be stated that among all grain cereals corn is the most often affected by molds, so the content of mycotoxins in this feed is the highest. Determination of the content of aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and other mycotoxins in grain and feed is aimed at preventing their negative impact on animals and humans.
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