The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
Myxomycetes do estado de Alagoas (Brasil) e notas sobre sua distribuição. O estado de Alagoas, localizado na Região Nordeste do Brasil, abrange uma área de 27.767 km 2 onde diferentes ecossistemas, incluindo manguezal e Floresta Atlântica na costa e caatinga no interior, são encontrados. A literatura relata a ocorrência de 4 esp cies de Myxomycetes no estado, as uais foram registradas em ambientes orestais midos ou em baga o de cana de a car armazenado em ind stria. Este estudo o primeiro a registrar esp cies de Didymiaceae e os gêneros Badhamia, Comatricha, Perichaena, Reticularia e Stemonaria para Alagoas. É apresentada uma chave para espécies. Licea succulenticola, Reticularia jurana e Stemonaria longa são novas referências para o bioma Caatinga. Licea succulenticola é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil.
2002 ResumoUtilizando-se o teste de difusão em meio sólido, detectou-se atividade antibacteriana em extratos de Physarella oblonga (Physaraceae) obtidos a partir de imobilização plasmodial e do plasmódio in natura. Os extratos foram ativos contra Staphylococcus aureus (halos=14 mmf) e Mycobacterium smegmatis (halos=12 mmf e 13 mmf). Menor inibição foi observada frente a Bacillus subtilis (halos=10 mmf e 9 mmf) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (halos=10 mmf e 8 mmf). Escherichia coli apresentou resistência a todos os extratos testados. O cromatograma evidenciou semelhanças na composição química dos extratos, justificando as similaridades no potencial inibitório de ambos, sendo as substâncias com Rf 0,91 e 0,82, presentes em ambas as amostras, os prováveis inibidores do crescimento bacteriano. AbstractDiffusion solid medium test was used to detect antibacterial activity in Physarella oblonga (Physaraceae) extracts obtained from plasmodial immobilization and in natura plasmodium. The extracts presented activity against Staphylococcus aureus (halos=14 mmf) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (halos=12 mmf e 13 mmf). Slower inhibition was obtained against Bacillus subtilis (halos=10 mmf e 9 mmf) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (halos=10 mmf e 8 mmf). Escherichia coli presented resistence to all tested extracts. The chromatogram revealed likeness in the chemical composition of the extracts, explaining similarities in inhibitory potential. The substances with Rf 0,91 and 0,82, present in both extracts, could be inhibitor agents of bacterial growth.Os mixomicetos sintetizam substâncias com atividade biológica, sendo referidas como inibidoras da germinação de sementes e raízes de vegetais superiores, e de microrganismos patogênicos, principalmente bactérias Gram-positivas e
Mangrove swamps and forests cover over 137,000 km 2 distributed latitudinally among subtropical zones, 7% of which are in Brazil, with a greater density in the country's northernmost region. Considering that the community of Myxomycetes recorded for this environment is hardly known, three areas located in the state of Maranhão were investigated. Two field trips were conducted, one at the beginning of the rainy season and another during the dry season. In each area, two plots (125 m 2 ) equidistant 100 m apart from each other were surveyed. In these areas, standing dead tree trunks and dead branches still attached to the mother plant that were above the tideline, were examined. On these same occasions, samples of the aerial litter and from the cortex of living trees (Rhizophora) were collected for the preparation of moist chambers cultures. Twenty-one specimens were obtained from field and moist chambers, belonging to 11 species, distributed in nine genera and five families. Seven species are new records from Maranhão. There was a predominance of r-strategist (73%) over K-strategist (27%) species. Cribraria violacea, Comatricha tenerrima, Echinostelium minutum, and Fuligo septica are new worldwide records from mangrove environments, and Oligonema flavidum is reported for the first time from Brazil.Keywords: Myxobiota, mangrove swamps, Oligonema, Rhizophora, microhabitat. Myxomycetes em manguezais: espécies ocorrentes no estado do Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil ResumoOs manguezais ocupam mais de 137.000 km 2 , distribuídos latitudinalmente entre as zonas subtropicais e 7% encontra-se no Brasil, com maior densidade entre os estados do Pará e Maranhão, na região norte do país. Considerando que a comunidade de mixomicetos registrada para este ambiente é pouco conhecida, três áreas localizadas no estado do Maranhão foram investigadas. Duas excursões foram realizadas, uma no início da estação chuvosa e outra na estiagem. Em cada área, foram georeferenciadas e exploradas duas parcelas (125 m 2 ) equidistantes 100 m uma da outra foram avaliadas. Nestas, foram explorados troncos mortos em pé e galhos mortos ainda presos à planta-mãe, acima da linha da maré. Nas mesmas ocasiões foram coletadas amostras de folhedo aéreo e córtex de árvores vivas (Rhizophora) para montagem de câmaras-úmidas. Foram obtidos 21 espécimes de campo e câmara-úmida, pertencentes a 11 espécies, distribuídas em nove gêneros e cinco famílias. Sete espécies são novos registros para o Maranhão. Predominaram espécies r-estrategistas (73%), e 27% K-estrategistas. Cribraria violacea, Comatricha tenerrima, Echinostelium minutum e Fuligo septica são novos registros para o ambiente de manguezal, e Oligonema flavidum é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil.
The occurrence of Myxomycetes in Heliconia psittacorum L.f. inflorescences was researched within four conservation units located in Northeast Brazil, aiming at evaluating the occupation of this microhabitat in fragments of Atlantic Forest along an altitude between 30-750 m. Inflorescences attached to the plant were examined; dead flowers and bracts were collected to assemble moist chambers (368). Four families, four genera and 10 species were recorded. A preference was evidenced for a basic pH substrate and a predominance of calcareous species (5:1). The composition of the myxobiota in fragments pertaining to altitudes above 400 m was similar and differed significantly from the one found in fragments of lowland forests (<100 m). Physarum compressum and Arcyria cinerea are the most characteristic species of the studied myxobiota.Keywords: biodiversity, floricolous, Heliconia, myxobiota, tropical forests. Microhabitats ocupados por Myxomycetes na Floresta Atlântica Brasileira: inflorescências de Heliconiaceae ResumoA ocorrência de mixomicetos em inflorescências de Heliconia psittacorum L.f. foi pesquisada em quatro unidades de conservação situadas no Nordeste do Brasil, visando avaliar a ocupação deste microhabitat em fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica, numa faixa altitudinal de 30-750 m. Foram examinadas partes mortas de inflorescências ainda presas à planta; flores e brácteas mortas foram colhidas para montagem de câmaras-úmidas (368). Foram registrados quatro famílias, quatro gêneros e 10 espécies. Evidenciou-se preferência para substrato com pH básico e predominância de espécies calcárias (5:1). A composição da mixobiota nos fragmentos de altitudes acima de 400 m foi semelhante e diferiu significativamente da encontrada nos fragmentos de florestas de terras baixas (<100 m). Physarum compressum e Arcyria cinerea são as espécies mais características da mixobiota estudada.Palavras-chave: biodiversidade, florícola, Heliconia, mixobiota, florestas tropicais.
A new Arcyria species designated A. cerradensis was collected in an area covered by Cerrado vegetation at the Brazil-Bolivia frontier in the State of Mato Grosso. The species was herein described and illustrated.
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