Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from indoor air can lead to a significant increase in lower chlorinated congeners in human blood. Lower chlorinated congeners with short biological half-lives can exhibit an indirect genotoxic potential via their highly reactive metabolites. However, little is known about their occurrence in indoor air and, therefore, about the effects of possible exposure to these congeners. We analyzed all mono-, di-, and trichlorinated biphenyls in the indoor air of 35 contaminated offices, as well as in the blood of the 35 individuals worked in these offices for a minimum of 2 years. The median concentration of total PCB in the indoor air was 479 ng/m . The most prevalent PCBs in the indoor air samples were the trichlorinated congeners PCB 31, PCB 18, and PCB 28, with median levels of 39, 31, and 26 ng/m , respectively. PCB 8 was the most prevalent dichlorinated congener (median: 9.1 ng/m ). Monochlorinated biphenyls were not detected in relevant concentrations. In the blood samples, the most abundant congener was PCB 28; nearly 90% of all mono-, di-, and trichlorinated congeners were attributed to this congener (median: 12 ng/g blood lipid).

The comparison of proteins separated on 2DE is difficult due to gel-to-gel variability. Here, a method named comparative fluorescence gel electrophoresis (CoFGE) is presented, which allows the generation of an artificial protein grid in parallel to the separation of an analytical sample on the same gel. Different fluorescent stains are used to distinguish sample and marker on the gel. The technology combines elements of 1DE and 2DE. Special gel combs with V-shaped wells are placed in a stacking gel above the pI strip. Proteins separated on the pI strip are electrophoresed at the same time as marker proteins (commercially available purified protein of different molecular weight) placed in V-wells. In that way, grids providing approximately 100 nodes as landmarks for the determination of protein spot coordinates are generated. Data analysis is possible with commercial 2DE software capable of warping. The method improves comparability of 2DE protein gels, because they are generated in combination with regular in-gel anchor points formed by protein standards. This was shown here for two comparative experiments with three gels each using Escherichia coli lysate. For a set of 47 well-defined samples spots, the deviation of the coordinates was improved from 7% to less than 1% applying warping using the marker grid. Conclusively, as long as the same protein markers, the same size of pI-strips and the same technology are used, gel matching is reproducibly possible. This is an important advancement for projects involving comparison of 2DE-gels produced over several years and in different laboratories.

Depending on the steric interaction between R' and R2/ R3, 7 decomposes to afford 8 (route @: cleavage of a C-Cl bond) or the butadienes 10 (route @: cleavage of a C-C bond). Spontaneous elimination of CO, and ethyl chloride from 10 lead exclusively to the allenes 9. 4. 11Transallenations have previously hardly played a role in the chemistry of allenes. The novel transallenation method leading to the allene-1,l-dicarboxamides 9["] is widely applicable given the choice of suitable combinations of substituents. The readily accessible allenes lb, c function as synthetic equivalents for the dianions 11 of malonamide, and the disubstituted malonyl chlorides 6a, b, d as equivalents of 1,l-vinylidene dications 12.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in many construction products until their banning in the 1970s and 1980s. Nonetheless, exposure to PCBs from contaminated indoor air is still an important public health issue. The aim of our study was to estimate the contribution of PCB congeners in indoor air to the levels of PCBs in human blood. We analyzed all 209 PCB congeners in the blood of 35 individuals exposed to PCBs from contaminated indoor air. For each individual, we measured the six marker indicators PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB138, PCB153 and PCB180 in indoor air at the workplace. Statistically significant correlations between PCB-contaminated indoor air and the existence of the sum of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentachlorinated biphenyls (∑PCB1–127) in the blood of the exposed individuals were found. We quantified the proportions of PCBs that are absorbed into the blood via inhalation of contaminated indoor air. Inhalation of PCBs from contaminated indoor air, especially in children, adolescents and younger adults, may lead to PCB blood burdens that are higher than general PCB background levels or in approximately the same range.

Die potentiell ZNS-wirksamen Titelverbindungen 19a-c lassen sich durch eine neunstufige Synthese ausgehend von Phthalaldehydsaure herstellen. Durch Knoevenagel-Kondensation von 5 mit den Acetonitrilen 2a-g und folgender Reduktion mit NaBH4 erhiilt man die Dihydrozimtsaurenitrile 3. Nur 3a la3t sich zu den 2-Benzazepinnitrilen 9a.b cyclisieren. Ammonolyse von 9a fiihn zum Enaminonitril 10, das mit den Orthoestem lla-c die Imidsaureester 12a-c gibt. Nachfolgende Ammonolyse liefert die Tricyclen 16a,b. Nach Umwandlung der Lactamfunktion von 16 in das Imidoylchlorid 17 folgt Aminolyse mit den Aminen 18a-c zu den Titelverbindungen 19a-c. Synthesis of Basically Substituted SH-Pyrimido[4,5-~]-2-benzazepinesThe potentially CNS-active title compounds 19a-c can be prepared by a nine step synthesis beginning with phthalaldehydic acid. Knoevenagel condensation of 5 with the acetonitriles 2a-g and subsequent reduction with NaBH4 lead to the dihydrocinnamic acid nitriles 3. Only 3a can be cyclized to the 2-benzazepinnitriles 9a,b. Ammonolysis of 9a yields the enaminonitrile 10, which is reacted with the orthoesters lla-c to the imidic acid esters 12a-c. Ammonolysis leads to the tricycles 16a,b. After transformation of the lactam group in 16 to an imidoyl chloride 17, aminolysis with the amines 18a-c provides the title compounds 19a-c. Im Rahmen der