An investigation into the distribution of light intensity across the rat retina was carried out on excised, intact rat eyes exposed to Ganzfeld illumination from a helium‐neon laser (543 nm). Some of the light entering the eyes exits through the sclera where its intensity can be monitored with an optical ‘pick‐up’ that samples the intensity coming from a small region of external sclera and underlying retina. The spatial resolution of the pick‐up is such that it samples light that has passed through ca 2 % of the rods in the rat eye. Some of the laser light is absorbed by the rod pigment, rhodopsin, which gradually bleaches. Bleaching in the retina, in turn, causes an exponential increase in intensity emanating from the sclera. By monitoring this intensity increase, we are able to measure two important parameters in a single bleaching run: the local rhodopsin concentration and the local intensity falling on the rods. With an ocular transmission photometer, we have measured both the local intensity and the local rhodopsin concentration across wide regions of rat retina. Both pigmented and albino rats were studied. The distributions of rhodopsin and intensity were both nearly uniform; consequently, the product, (rhodopsin concentration) × (intensity), was similarly nearly equal across the retina. This means that the initial rate of photon absorption is about the same at all retinal locations. Interpreted in terms of photostasis (the regulation of daily photon catch), this means that the rate of photon absorption is about the same in each rod, viz. 14 400 photons absorbed per rod per second. Since this rate of absorption is sufficient to saturate the rod, one possible purpose of photostasis is to maintain the rod system in a saturated state during daylight hours.

The football game is the most beloved sport among society, especially for its emotional and recreational worthiness. Dribbling is the most important ability. It is intended to be as the capability of keeping the ball afloat preventing it from touching the ground by using the two lower limbs. The most time the ball lingers afloat, the highest level the doer shows to have achieved. The main point of this research is to spot the most adequate educative method in dribbling. By confronting two different learning methods, I have tried to develop a way of making headways in the above process. On the one hand the cognitive approach in the scientific paradigm turns out to work with a fabricated set of rules within which the little boy must move, whereas in the eco-dynamic approach the heuristic way of learning is followed. The results give out two solutions: the first one shows an increasing ability pursued by gradual repetitions, beginning with a low degree of complexity up until a major difficulty; the last one aims at getting gratification on "no ruling" ground. In the first case, the players must stick to the coach's orders and timing conditions. In the second one the doers are just given the space and tools, neither timing nor conditions are set. They only have to express themselves as much as they like. Both methods grasp to the ordinary educational system.

This paper is aimed at investigating wine companies’ perceptions and attitudes towards the role of wine routes as an actual tool to improve their tourist attractiveness and sustainable tourism on a territorial level. Through a comparative approach, some wineries from the Italian regions of Abruzzo and Tuscany have been surveyed and in-depth-interviews to key local stakeholders have been conducted. The aim of the survey is to investigate the companies’ perception about wine tourists’ characteristics and wine route management. Through a multivariate analysis, the reasons behind wineries’ satisfaction/discontent have been analyzed. The findings identify a close relation between the complexity of the services offered, the companies’ involvement in the wine routes management and their satisfaction about the results obtained. The more complex the services are, the more satisfied the companies. The comparative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses pointed out by the wineries’ keepers has allowed some general considerations about the tools to use for the improvement of wine routes management. In a broader sense, the wineries’ direct involvement both in investment and in governance appears to be key in the success of the routes as a model for local tourism development.

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