This article discusses the pension systems in the member states of the Group of Seven (G-7). A comparative analysis of pension protection is provided. The emphasis is made on the basic to funded components ratio. The options for pension reforms are also considered. Based on the G-7 countries' experience study, a conclusion is made on the prospects of reforming the pension system in Russia.Keywords: pension reforms, pension systems, the member states of the Group of Seven, the distributive and funded principles of the pension payments formation.
The histomorphometric indices (height of the lining (LE) and glandular (GE) epithelium, diameters and density of glands) in endometrial samples (n=21) of young gynecologically healthy mares of 3–8 yo (n = 4) and older problem mares of 12–19 yo (n=7) were studied in estrus and diestrus of one cycle. The height of the LE and GE in aged mares was slightly higher than in young ones, but the difference was not significant. It was found significant differences between groups in diameters and density of glands, more obvious in stratum spongiozum (SS) then in stratum compactum (SC) of endometrium. It has been shown that diameter of endometrial glands in older mares was two to three times larger than in young mares in both estrus (55.9-22.5 μm, p<0.05) and diestrus (62.5-20.1 μm, p <0.01), respectively. The density of glands in SS in young mares in diestrus significantly (p<0.01) increased, compared with this in estrus (9.8-17.5 units/field), while in older mares it almost did not change (11.1-11.3 units/field). The difference of histomorphometric indices in estrus and diestrus can serve as indirect characteristic of an elasticity of an endometrial tissue probably connected with clearance of the uterus. Therefore the double biopsy carried out in estrus and diestrus can be useful for endometrium function assessment in mares.
The paper covers new approaches of theUSadministration to foreign economic policy with focus onChina, the wide range of instruments being used against unfair Chinese practicies.USpolicy with some issues shaping theUSparticipation in the world economy and changing relations with main trade partners, includingChina, is being analyzed. The Tariffs being imposed by US and then byChinaare only a piece of the problem. The negotiations over the protection of intellectual property, cyber theft, technology transfers are on the agenda. It is highlighted thatChina’s science and technology capabilities, with growing of research and development spending remaining extremely high, has made it possible to become a prominent player and the largest world’ producer in many technology-intensive industries. Also its relative position is not so strong in the knowledge – intensive services sector, where US and leading EU countries are dominating, China’s growth in this field is far more rapid than developed economies overall. While global economic competition is increasing, it becomes more difficult to reach the bilateral understanding between US andChina.
A b s t r a c tArtificial insemination (AI) has the following advantages over natural mating: fast selection effect, easy transportation, wide dissemination of valuable genetic material, economic use of semen and rational use of sires, preventing sexually transmitted infections, reserving sperm in cryobanks. Among the factors influencing the result of AI in horse breeding are time, frequency rate and insemination repetition, quality and quantity of semen, the depth of insertion of semen into the uterus of a mare, the observance of temperature mode and sanitary regulations during AI procedure, the reproductive performance of mares. There are two main approaches to freezing of stallion sperm and thus two AI technologies for semen packaging and equipment for its introduction into the uterus of mares. The first approach worked out and used in Russia is based on a sparing mode of semen cryopreservation in large volumes, 20-25 ml per dose. The second method, developed abroad, provides pre-treatment of sperm by centrifugation and maximum removal of semen plasma. In another procedure currently used in Russia the small volumes (5-6 ml) of semen are cryopreserved after centrifugation, removal of 50-60 % of semen plasma and thickening semen by dialysis. In recent years frozen semen of stallions from Europe and America is being actively imported to Russia. Despite the technological differences, domestic and foreign approaches to the cryopreservation of stallion's semen provide its similar qualitative characteristics after thawing. The aim of our research was to identify the most significant factors affecting pregnancy rates in artificially inseminated mares when domestic and foreign protocols were used to freeze sperm. Herein, an impact of five such factors (i.e. sperm packing/cryopreservation technology, time of insemination, reproductive state and gynecological soundness of the mares, the activity of sperm) on the effectiveness of AI with frozen semen was estimated in mares of various breeds (Arabian, Akhal-Teke, Trakehner, Hanoverian, Russian Riding horse, American Standardbred, Russian Trotter and Orlov Trotter). Experiments were carried out in 2012 to 2014 at Tersk stud, at a private farm (Mr. A.A. Kazakov the owner) and at experimental stable of the All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding. We compared the data on 106 estrus cycles of 53 mares, artificially inseminated with domestic (granules and tubes of 5 ml and 15-25 ml) and foreign frozen semen (0.5 ml in straws). All used sperm doses in various packages were divided into two groups with the activity above and below 1.5 points (15 %). The time recommended for AI with frozen semen was divided into three intervals (12 h before ovulation, during ovulation, 6 h after ovulation). The animals were conventionally grouped as barren and maiden mares, lactating mares, mares after late (6 or more months of pregnancy) abortion, and also with regard to absence or presence of gynecological pathologies such as vaginal discharge, fluid and air in the uterus, mating-induc...
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 1.4 million in August, and the unemployment rate fell to 8.4 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. These improvements in the labor market reflect the continued resumption of economic activity that had been curtailed due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. In August, an increase in government employment largely reflected temporary hiring for the 2020 Census. Notable job gains also occurred in retail trade, in professional and business services, in leisure and hospitality, and in education and health services. This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. Household Survey Supplemental Data In August, 24.3 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down from 26.4 percent in July. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked at home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the coronavirus pandemic. In August, 24.2 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer closed or lost business due to the pandemic-that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 31.3 million in July. Among those who reported in August that they were unable to work because of pandemic-related closures or lost business, 11.6 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the hours not worked. About 5.2 million persons not in the labor force in August were prevented from looking for work due to the pandemic. This is down from 6.5 million in July. (To be counted as unemployed, by definition, individuals must either be actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.) These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May to help gauge the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm. Establishment Survey Data Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 1.4 million in August, following increases of larger magnitude in the prior 3 months. In August, nonfarm employment was below its February level by 11.5 million, or 7.6 percent. Government employment rose in August, largely reflecting temporary hiring for the 2020 Census. Notable job gains also occurred in retail trade, in professional and business services, in leisure and hospitality, and in education and health services. (See table B-1. For more information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronaviru...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.