Анализируется региональная изменчивость среднемноголетних характеристик температуры воздуха в приземном слое и осадков по данным метеостанций в Старице и Твери, расположенных в бассейне верхней Волги. Среднегодовые и среднемесячные значения характеристик проанализированы с использованием метода скользящего среднего. Рассмотрен 30-летний период осреднения. Проанализированы данные по метеостанции Старица с 1962 по 2017 гг., а по метеостанции Тверь - с 1944 по 2017 гг. Для Старицы использованы суточные данные, для Твери - только среднемесячные. Данные температуры приземного слоя воздуха для каждого года наблюдений аппроксимировались простой синусоидальной функцией. Показано, что среднемноголетние значения амплитуд годовых колебаний для обеих метеостанций имеют тенденцию к снижению, а среднегодовые значения температур - тенденцию к повышению. Методом наименьших квадратов найдены параметры уравнений прямых, описывающих изменчивость среднемноголетних величин амплитуд годовых колебаний и среднемноголетних годовых температур воздуха. Сравнивались периоды наблюдений с 1961 по 1990 гг. и с 1991 по 2017 гг. для Твери и Старицы. Приводятся статистические характеристики температуры воздуха и осадков для двух периодов, сопоставлены значения метеостанций в Старице и Твери. Показано, что существенная разница между значениями температуры воздуха для обеих метеостанций наблюдается только во втором периоде. Среднемноголетние годовые суммы атмосферных осадков в этих городах имеют тенденцию к повышению со средней скоростью 18 мм/год. Месячные суммы атмосферных осадков однозначной тенденции, одинаковой для всех месяцев, не имеют. Скорость роста среднемноголетних значений температуры воздуха в Твери оценивается в 0.04˚С/год, в Старице - 0.03˚С/год. Regional variability of the average annual characteristics of air temperature in the surface layer and precipitation is analyzed based on data from weather stations in Staritsa and Tver, located in the Upper Volga basin. The average annual and average monthly values of the characteristics are analyzed using the moving average method. The 30-year averaging period is considered. Data on the Staritsa weather station from 1962 to 2017 and on the Tver weather station from 1944 to 2017 were analyzed. For Staritsa daily data were used, while for Tver only the average monthly data was used. The surface air temperature data for each year of observations was approximated by a simple sinusoidal function. It is shown that the average annual values of the amplitudes of annual fluctuations for both weather stations tend to decrease, and the average annual values of temperatures tend to increase. The parameters of the linear equations describing the variability of the average annual values of the amplitudes of annual fluctuations and the average annual air temperatures are found using the least squares method. We compared the observation periods from 1961 to 1990 and from 1991 to 2017 for Tver and Staritsa. Statistical characteristics of air temperature and precipitation for both periods are given. Values for both weather stations are compared. It is shown that a significant difference between the air temperature values for both weather stations is observed only in the second period. The average annual precipitation in both cities tends to increase at an average rate of 18 mm /year. Monthly precipitation totals do not have the same trend for all months. The rate of growth of the average annual air temperature in Tver is estimated at 0.04˚C/year, in Staritsa - 0.03˚C/year.
Резюме. Выполнен корреляционный анализ данных измерений за 2012 и 2013 гг. на мезоолиготрофном болоте в Республике Коми, полученных методом турбулентных пульсаций. Данные за вегетационный период сгруппированы по годам. За каждый год отдельно рассмотрены «дневные» и «ночные» значения. При анализе использованы 48 параметров, включая ветровые характеристики, горизонтальные потоки веществ и масштаб Монина-Обухова. Приведены результаты корреляционного анализа рядов концентраций парниковых газов, скоростей их изменения и вертикальных потоков с характеристиками среды. Корреляционные связи парниковых газов и таких характеристик среды, как температура почвы на двух глубинах, температура воздуха и объемная влаж-ность, изучены помесячно. Показано, что эти зависимости нелинейны.Ключевые слова. Республика Коми, парниковые газы, болото, корреля-ционный анализ. Summary. Correlation analysis of observational data of 2012 and 2013 on the mesooligotrophic bog in Komi Republic is conducted using the eddy covariance method. Vegetation period data are grouped by years. "Daytime" and "nighttime" data of each year are treated separately. Forty eight parameters are analyzed including wind characteristics, horizontal fluxes of substances and the MoninObukhov scale. Results of correlation analysis for concentrations of greenhouse gases, rates of their change and vertical fluxes vs. environment characteristics are presented. Correlation relationships of greenhouse gases' concentrations with such characteristics of the environment as soil temperature (at two depths), air temperature and volume humidity are investigated on the monthly basis. It is shown that those relationships are nonlinear. CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MICROMETEOROLOGICAL
The hydrodynamics of slope flows governed by heat and salt diffusion near a rigid sloping imper meable boundary in stratified water bodies is studied. The physics of this phenomenon consists in that, because of the impermeability of the shore slope, the fluxes of heat and salt normal to the slope surface must be zero. Since the background stratification does not meet this condition, diffusion boundary layers appear along the shore slope. It is shown that, depending on the ratio between diffusion coefficients of heat and salt and the parameters of stratification by temperature and salinity, of convection the slope flows can be either ascending or descending. Moreover, under some conditions, a finger type regime can form in boundary lay ers, though the background stratification is stable. The appearing slope flows, though they are local, initiate global transverse ventilation of water in the entire water body.
Ivankovo reservoir is the main source of drinking water supply in Moscow. Its coastal zone, where different types of springs are unloaded, is a barrier (or source) for the entry of pollutants into the reservoir. The aim of this research is to forecast increments in descending springs water flow and to evaluate trends of hydrochemical indicators (calcium, magnesium ions, hydrocarbonates and chlorine) of springs water quality over 13 years. The basis of the work are materials of regime observations on reference spring located on the Volga II floodplain terrace, for the period 2006-2018. When processing hydrochemical data in order to compare the results, two approaches were used. One is separation of data array into two groups in chronological order (2006-2012 and 2013- 2018), the other – is arrangement according to water content of the year, where the first group is the years of low and medium water content, the second is high. It is proposed to describe the relationship between amount of precipitation and increment of flow rate by an ordinary differential equation, which will allow to predict the flow rate of the downstream springs of the region using amount of precipitation in increments by the next six months. The obtained result was verified on groundwater level regime data for the well 3020, drilled on the II floodplain terrace, for the period 2001-2003. The maximum correlation coefficient between the increment of the groundwater level and the amount of precipitation is observed at a similar step. When analyzing the equation, the value of the amount of precipitation was obtained, which separates the mode of increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the spring (groundwater level). For the spring, this figure is 296, for the well – 316 mm. A statistical analysis of long-term dynamics of the spring runoff hydrochemical components showed that a median value is a more sensitive characteristic to changes in external conditions than an arithmetic average for hydrocarbonates and calcium. An upward direction shift of the median value of bicarbonates and calcium ions concentration in spring waters was revealed when using a nonparametric criterion. The long-term average gradient was 1 mg dm-3 year-1 for bicarbonates, and 0.17 mg dm-3 year-1 for calcium. The approaches used to divide the data into groups for calcium and magnesium give different estimates of trends, for hydrocarbons they were the same, for chlorides they are contradictory. Statistical analysis of the data, separated in chronological order, showed that for calcium and magnesium there was a significant upward trend, while with the approach for water availability of year no trends were found.
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