Description of the subject. This study is the first to compile the diversity of wild edible mushrooms gathered in the different ecosystems (savanna, woodland, montane forest, and exotic tree plantations) of Burundi and Rwanda and to consider this resource in a developmental framework for the region. Objectives. The aim of this study is to update the inventory of wild edible mushrooms in Burundi and Rwanda focusing on their sustainable exploitation and their potential for cultivation. Method. The inventory is based on a literature survey completed with referenced specimens gathered during field trips between 2010 and 2015 that are deposited at the Botanic Garden Meise (BR). Results. Seventy-seven species of edible mushrooms have been listed together with their habitat and ecology. This includes 39 new records of species eaten in the region, 8 of which were not previously known to be edible. An attempt to combine the protection of natural ecosystems with the development of local populations is presented in relation to the availability of these mushrooms, their ecology and cultivation potential. Conclusions. Wild edible mushrooms constitute an interesting and under-exploited resource in Burundi and Rwanda. Sustainable gathering of ectomycorrhizal species in miombo woodlands and cultivation of saprotrophic species from montane forests suggest important food issues and interesting business perspectives.
The diamond nucleation and growth processes on a scratched and a virgin Si(100) surface were studied by both electron spectroscopies (XPS) and microstructural probes (SEM, TEM) in order to connect the nature of surface species with the structural changes. We have shown that a preliminary scratching of the substrate surface hugely enhances the nucleation kinetics relative to the virgin sample. This is explained by the much faster formation of stable diamond nuclei in correspondence of suitable nucleation sites. The results have been modeled, considering the covered surface S as the unique parameter. S obeys an Avrami plot of the form S = 1 - exp (-kt(n)) where the exponent n approximate to 2.5 +/- 0.4 over a wide range of deposition is indicative of a constant linear growth rate with decreasing nucleation rate
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.