Suspension cultures of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Amaranthus cruentus, A. powellii, Datura innoxia, and a Nicotiana tabacum-N. glutinosa fusion hybrid were adapted to grow photoautotrophically under continuous light. The cotton strain grew with an atmosphere of ambient CO2 (about 0.06 to 0.07% in the culture room) while the other strains required elevated CO2 levels (5%). Photoautotrophy was indicated by the requirement for CO2 and for light for growth. The strains grew with doubling times near 14 days and had from 50 to 600 micrograms of chlorophyll per gram of fresh weight. The cells grew in small to moderate sized clumps with cell sizes from 40 to 70 micrometers (diameter). Like most photoautotrophic cultures described so far the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPcase) activity levels were well below those of mature leaves. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase levels were not elevated in the C4 Amaranthus species. The cells showed high dark respiration rates and had lower net CO2 fixation under high 02 conditions. Dark CO2 fixation rates ranged from near 10 to 30% of that in light.Fluorescence emission spectra measurements show that the cell antenna pigments systems of the four strains examined are similar to that of chloroplasts of green plants. The cotton strain which was capable of growth under ambient CO2 conditions showed the unique properties of a high RuBPcase activation level in ambient CO2 and a stable ability to show net CO2 fixation in 21% 02 conditions. The first higher plant tissue culture described as being photoautotrophic, i.e. growing with CO2 and light as the sole carbon and energy source, respectively, was that of Bergmann (3) lower RuBPcase2 activity which often leads to RuBPcase to PEPcase activity ratios near one. These differing characteristics are not really surprising since photoautotrophic cultured cells are growing and dividing unlike a mature leaf. Thus, the cultured cells should be compared to developing leaves which do have high respiration rates and a lower ratio of RuBPcase to PEPcase activity (1,14). Probably because of these characteristics all photoautotrophic cultures described thus far require elevated CO2 levels, usually 1 to 5%, for growth and have CO2 compensation concentrations higher than that ofmature leaves (reviewed in 11, 20).To date, no species with the C4 photosynthesis pathway has been grown photoautotrophically. Photoheterotrophic, green cultures of the C4 species, Gisekia pharnaceoides (25), Portulaca oleracea (12, 13) and Froelichia gracilis (15) have been initiated and used in photosynthesis studies, but these cultures were grown with 2 to 2.5% sucrose in the culture medium.Photoautotrophic cultures can be used for many purposes including the selection of mutants resistant to photosynthetic herbicides, for screening for herbicidal activity, and for herbicide mechanism ofaction studies. The photoautotrophic cultures may be valuable for producing desired compounds if chloroplasts are involved in the biosynthesis. Studies of chloroplast dev...
A heterotrophic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Stoneville 825) cell suspension culture was adapted to grow photoautotrophically. After two years in continuous photoautotrophic culture at 5% CO2 (balance air), the maximum growth rate of the photoautotrophic cell line was a 400% fresh weight increase in eight days. The Chl concentration was approximately 500 μg per g fresh weight.Elevated CO2 (1%-5%) was required for culture growth, while the ambient air of the culture room (600 to 700 ul CO2 1(-1)) or darkness were lethal. The cell line had no net photosynthesis at 350 ul 1(-1) CO2, 2% O2, and dark respiration ranged from 29 to 44 μmol CO2 mg(-1) Chl h(-1). Photosynthesis was inhibited by O2. The approximate 1:1 ratio of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPcase) to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase) (normally about 6:1 in mature leaves of C3 plants) was due to low RuBPcase activity relative to that of C3 leaves, not to high PEPcase activity. The PEPcase activity per unit Chl in the cell line was identical to that of spinach leaves, while the RuBPcase activity was only 15% of the spinach leaf RuBPcase activity. RuBPcase activity in the photoautotrophic cells was not limited by a lack of activation in vivo, since the enzyme in a rapidly prepared cell extract was 73% activated. No evidence of enzyme inactivation by secondary compounds in the cells was found as can be found with cotton leaves. Low RuBPcase activity and high respiration rates are most likely important factors in the low photosynthetic efficiency of the cells at ambient CO2.
Cultured tobacco plant cells activated 2-aminofluorene to an agent mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The plant activation of 2-aminofluorene is heat-inactivated and may not involve solely cytochrome P-450. The kinetics of activation demonstrated both time- and concentration-dependent responses.
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