Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) has been extensively cultivated in Algeria for many centuries. During this long period, the species encountered a large diversification implied by the great diversity of climates that led to great genetic diversity of the species. The purpose of this study is to improve the management of phytogenetic resources that can serve as potential breeders for the amelioration of wheat. The study aims at evaluating the diversity of 1019 accessions of durum wheat from different regions of Algeria and which are stored at the Constantine ITGC. The analysis of the results concerning phenological and morphophysiological characters revealed an important intra and intervarietal genetic variability. Subsequently it appeared that the 1019 accessions belong to 19 botanic varieties that differ mainly by the cob, silk and grain colours. Among the characters involved in this study, some appeared to have a direct connection with the adaptation to water stress and thus allowed us identifying the most resistant varieties.
Abstract. Atoui A, Boudour L, Chaib G, Nabil B. 2021. Evaluation of diversity in some genotypes of Algerian durum wheat using agronomical and biochemical markers. Biodiversitas 22: 2005-2011. In Algeria, wheat occupies a preponderant place regarding its food richness, and its agronomic characteristics. Quantification and characterization of the local genetic material of different species constitute a strategic axis for the improvement of these species. To quantify the diversity that may exist between nine genotypes belonging to the durum variety “valenciae” mainly cultivated in Algeria, biochemical and agronomical parameters were studied. The obtained results revealed highly significant differences for all measured agronomical parameters and a significant positive relationship between grain yield and its compounds. Protein profiles obtained using SDS-PAGE allowed us to split the total seed proteins. The obtained gel has shown different bands with molecular weights ranging from 17 to 122.09 KDa of which ten monomorphic bands, eight polymorphic bands and Three Unique bands in G6 and G9. The total protein polymorphism revealed an intra-varietal variability. This study will help breeders better select genotypes to be used in the Algerian wheat breeding program.
Abstract. Boudersa N, Chaib G, Atoui A, Cherfia R, Bouderbane H, Boudour L. 2021. Assessment of biological and agronomic diversity of seven durum wheat varieties cultivated in the Northeastern region of Algeria. Biodiversitas 22: 1025-1036. The present work was carried out during the 2017/2018 agricultural season, at the experimental station of the ‘Institut Technique des Grandes Cultures’ (ITGC) – El Khroub, Constantine, Algeria. The main objective of this study was the evaluation and the characterization of seven varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in terms of their behavior and yield. For these reasons, several phenological, morpho-physiological, and biochemical traits, as well as the yield with its components were studied. The obtained results showed a significant variety effect, in particular, for the variables corresponding to the production and to the tolerance. The analysis of the correlation coefficients indicated that the number of spikes per m2, the number of grains spike-1, and the rate of chlorophyll pigments in the leaves were the most related characteristics to grain yield. Indirect selection for breeding productivity through these traits could prove to be effective. Besides, it revealed that tall varieties displayed better resistance to possible hazards; had high relative water content (RWC), accumulated more soluble sugars and proline, as well as, they showed a low level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to other varieties. In addition, this study allowed us to determine many relationships between the studied parameters, that can make a contribution in both the productivity and the adaptation improvement programs of the durum wheat.
The biological and agronomic characterization of cereals constitutes a pre-liminary and essential step for the assessment of genetic diversity state which must be valued, exploited and known in a clear and complete manner in order to be able to exploit them in improvement and adaptation programs of cereals. In this context, our study was carried out during the 2018/2019 agricultural campaign on the experimental site of the technical institute of field crops ITGC of El Khroub (Constantine, Algeria). Its objective was to char-acterize the biological and agronomic diversity in two cereal species, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by evaluating many pheno-morphological, physiological and biochemical characters as well as production traits (agronomic traits). The correlation coefficients analysis between traits indicates that the short and early heading varieties which accumulate less proline are more productive than varieties which are charac-terized by long straw and late heading in both species. However, it has been noted that barley varieties reach heading before bread wheat varieties. In addition, it shows that the grain yield is positively correlated with these com-ponents, in particular with the number of seeds per ear, the number of ears per square meter, and with the following parameters: the surface of the flag leaf and its content of chlorophyll pigments, the totality of the ear character-istics such as the length of the ear neck. These results lead us to say that an indirect selection via these crops can be beneficial for the production and improvement programs of cereals.
The molecular polymorphism of the stock proteins, namely, glutenin and gliadin has been studied in order to perform a comparison of the genes coding for these factors in the quality of bread as much as they are major contributors to the elasticity and formation of wheat dough. DNA markers for quality traits are currently being used by wheat breeders to directly measure traits and performing biochemical tests. The aim of this study was to use DNA markers to search for varieties with glutenin genes (HMW and LMW) and gliadin genes also. 4 durum wheat varieties (alexandrium, murcenese, italicum and valencia) were used for these genes using PCR/RFLP markers via (F-56) and (R-56) primers. Results obtained show that polymorphism rate of this two primer is 54.54%. These two primers produce the same number of amplifiers whose size is 536bp. A total of eleven fragments are obtained for each primer. Five are relatively polymorphic, which concerns the genotype: 4, 20, 76, 91 and 92 through the pairing of an expression density materialized by low intensity bands. The study also revealed that there was no product at 527bp, the size of (HMW) glutenin gene; this indicates that the 100 genotypes do not contain this gene. Thus indicating its poverty in this element; compared to the (LMW) subunit of this gene which accounts for about 60% of glutenin proteins. While there is 770bp product for the gliadin gene, which indicates also that the 100 genotypes contain this gene. Thus indicating its good quality for bread making.
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