The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and hypertension show wide variability among different ethnic groups in the UK. We combined data collected annually between 1991-1996 in the Health Surveys for Englandnationwide surveys that provide information on the health status in a representative sample of the population living in England, to compare blood pressure (BP) levels, hypertension rates (systolic BP у160 mm Hg or diastolic BP у95 mm Hg, or those on antihypertensive medication), hypertension treatment and control rates in people of white, black (combining black-Caribbean, black-African and black-other), and South Asian origin (combining Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis). Analyses were stratified into two age groups, 16-39 (younger) and у40 years (older), but were focused on older adults (30 619 whites, 295 blacks and 529 South Asians).Age-adjusted mean BP levels and hypertension rates

Objectives: To define the characteristics and determine the effectiveness of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care compared with conventional care in reducing death, dependency, and the requirement for long term institutional care after stroke. Design: Systematic review of all randomised trials which compared organised inpatient stroke care with the contemporary conventional care. Specialist stroke unit interventions were defined as either a ward or team exclusively managing stroke (dedicated stroke unit) or a ward or team specialising in the management of disabling illnesses, which include stroke (mixed assessment/rehabilitation unit). Conventional care was usually provided in a general medical ward. Setting: 19 trials (of which three had two treatment arms). 12 trials randomised a total of 2060 patients to a dedicated stroke unit or a general medical ward, six trials (647 patients) compared a mixed assessment/rehabilitation unit with a general medical ward, and four trials (542 patients) compared a dedicated stroke unit with a mixed assessment/ rehabilitation unit. Main outcome measures: Death, institutionalisation, and dependency. Results: Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care, when compared with conventional care, was best characterised by coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation, programmes of education and training in stroke, and specialisation of medical and nursing staff. The stroke unit care was usually housed in a geographically discrete ward. Stroke unit care was associated with a long term (median one year follow up) reduction of death (odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 0.98; P < 0.05) and of the combined poor outcomes of death or dependency (0.69, 0.59 to 0.82; P < 0.0001) and death or institutionalisation (0.75, 0.65 to 0.87; P < 0.0001). Beneficial effects were independent of patients' age, sex, or stroke severity and of variations in stroke unit organisation. Length of stay in a hospital or institution was reduced by 8% (95% confidence interval 3% to 13%) compared with conventional care but there was considerable heterogeneity of results. Conclusions: Organised stroke unit care resulted in long term reductions in death, dependency, and the need for institutional care. The observed benefits were not restricted to any particular subgroup of patients or model of stroke unit care. No systematic increase in the use of resources (in terms of length of stay) was apparent. IntroductionThe role of organised (stroke unit) care in managing inpatients with stroke has been controversial for over 30 years. 1 The controversy arises because the moderate benefits that might be anticipated with stroke unit care can be reliably detected (or refuted) only with a very large randomised trial or a proper overview of the available small randomised trials. Evaluation of stroke unit care raises particular problems because of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the intervention and its potential interaction with other aspects of care. Even a prospective multicentre randomised trial could n...

Objectives: To examine the relationship between blood lead and blood pressure (BP) and to estimate the possible effects of a decrease in blood lead on BP. Methods: A 2-ml blood sample was collected from a sub-sample of those included in the Health Survey for England 1995, a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of the adult English population. Blood lead concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry and three BP readings were taken under standardised conditions using the Dinamap 8100 monitor. Analyses were carried out using data on 2563 men and 2763 women aged 16 and over. Results: In stepwise multiple regression analyses adjusting for various confounders-age, body mass index, smoking status, social class, region of residence

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