In kidney transplantation, operational tolerance and almost tolerance are infrequent findings associated with excellent long-term death-censored graft survival.

Malignancies are one of the three major causes of renal recipient´s death with a functioning graft after cardiovascular diseases and infections. Among the variety of risk factors, including conventional and specific to transplant recipients, the duration of immunosuppressive therapy, the intensity of therapy, and the type of immunosuppressive agent all have an impact on development of post-transplant malignancy. The aim of our retrospective study was to document the incidence, the type of malignancies, the patient/graft survival in the group of kidney transplant recipients in Slovak Republic, and to identify the factors which influenced the outcome. We analyzed the data of 1421 patients who underwent renal transplantation from deceased or living donors in the period from 2007 to 2015 in the Slovak transplant centers. The incidence of malignant tumors was 6%, the malignancy was diagnosed in 85 patients at the age of 54.1 ± 9.8 years, more frequently in men (68.2 %; P < 0.0001). The mean time of malignancy occurrence was 45 months after transplantation. The most frequent malignancies were skin cancers- basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in 17.6%, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 8.2%, and malignant melanoma (MM) in 2.4% of patients, followed by non-skin tumors such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in 16.5%, cancer of colon in 12.9%, prostatic cancer in 9.4%, breast cancer in 9.4%, cancer of lung in 7.1%, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) in 2.4%, cancer of urine bladder in 2.4%, and cancer of sublingual gland in 1.17% of patients. Surgical treatment was used in 40% of patients, chemotherapy in 7.1%, radiotherapy in 2.4%, treatment with biological agents in 15.3%, combined therapy in 29.4% and palliative treatment in 5.9% of patients. 55.3% of patients underwent conversion from other immunosuppressive agents into mTORi at the time of malignancy occurrence. The remission was achieved in 48.2% of patients, 28.2% of patients were in the oncology treatment in the end of the year 2015, and 23.5% of patients died. There was no difference in the kidney function at the time of malignancy occurrence (s-creat 133.7 ± 59.8 µmol/l) and one year later (s-creat 131.1 ± 47.9 µmol/l) (P = 0.7768). The patients after successful treatment more frequently suffered from BCC (P = 0.0140), did not undergo palliative treatment (P = 0.0033), but were more frequently treated surgically (P < 0.0001).

Intractable hiccups in transplanted patients may be caused by various medical conditions including infections. We report a case of a 44-year-old man who suffered from intractable hiccups after cadaveric kidney transplantation. We identified 3 different hiccup periods with different causes: 1) steroid and anesthetics use, 2) severe ulcerose herpetic and mycotic esophagitis, and 3) pleuropneumonia caused by nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and pulmonary abscess requiring thoracic surgery.

Abstract52-years old man years following the kidney transplantation from deceased donor was admitted to the hospital with fever and progressive abdominal pain. The patient was diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C seven years before admission. Graft function in posttransplant period was stable and optimal, the patient was treated with standard maintenance immunosupresive protocol (cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil and low-dose prednison), metylprednisolon bolus therapy (1 g/m2 body surface area), was administered two months prior to admission due to creeping creatinine (suspection of acute rejection was not confirmed by biopsy). Empiric antibiotic treatment due to febrile status was ineffective. Abdominal ultrasound and computer tomography (CT) scan revealed three tumorous lesions in the liver, radical surgical intervention was not executable. Histological examination of the tissue from the lesions demostrated alveolar echinococcosis, serology for Echinoccocus multilocularis was positive. Long-term treatment by mebendazol 200 mg twice daily led to disappearance of the clinical symptoms, but after the therapy cessasion patient was again hospitalized with fever and progression of cystic lesions in CT scan. Following the mebendazol therapy reinstalation the clinical course of echinococcosis was improved and remained stable, transplant kidney failure occurred due to progression of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy and chronic haemodialysis was initiated one year later.

Úvod: Popisujeme prípad úspešnej náhrady protézy descendentnej aorty a implantovaného hrudného stentgraftu humánnym aortálnym allograftom. Kazuistika: Jednalo sa o 47 ročného muža, ktorý bol v šestnástich rokoch operovaný pre koarktáciu aorty. Mal vykonaný dakronový bypass z descendentnej aorty nad koarktáciou na infrarenálnu aortu. Po tridsiatich rokoch sa u neho vytvorila pseudoaneuryzma v proximálnej anastomóze, ktorá bola prvotne riešená implantáciou hrudného stentgraftu. Avšak osem mesiacov po implantácii hrudného stentgraftu dochádza k rozvoju infekcie. Vykonali sme explantáciu hrudného stentgraftu a pôvodnej dakronovej protézy. Infi kovanú descendentnú aortu sme nahradili in situ čerstvým aortálnym allograftom. Pooperačný priebeh bol bez komplikácií a pacient je aktuálne bez známok sepsy, viscerálnej ischémie alebo klaudikácií. Záver: Metódou voľby liečby infi kovaného stentgraftu je jeho odstránenie. Problémom ostáva náhrada infi kovanej aorty po explantácii stentgraftu. Extraanatomický bypass "aorta ventrale" už v súčasnosti nie je metódou voľby. Náhrada infi kovanej oblasti aortálnym allograftom zostáva jednou z najviac používaných možností. Medzi komplikácie tohto postupu môže byť aneuryzmatická dilatácia náhrady, jej stenóza alebo uzáver. Tieto komplikácie sa vyskytujú do 20 % prípadov. Ďalšou z moderných možností liečby je in situ náhrada xenoperikardiálnym graftom. Operačná mortalita týchto operácii je vysoká, do 30 %. No aj napriek vysokej mortalite týchto operácií je chirurgická liečba nutná, lebo takmer všetci neliečení pacienti umierajú.