RIASSUNTO -L'endoscopia virtuale consente di rappresentare superfici anatomiche interne elaborando dati acquisiti con TC volumetrica. Questo lavoro si propone di valutare le potenzialità diagnostiche dell'endoscopia virtuale nello studio delle arterie carotidi e delle malattie ad esse correlate (aterosclerosi in particolare), nonché di analizzare alcuni aspetti tecnici di funzionamento del software usato per tale tipo d'indagine.Il caso proposto è un chiaro esempio del tentativo di introdurre questa metodica all'interno del gruppo di procedure diagnostiche di riferimento: essa fornisce una più adeguata correlazione tra le varie patologie, permettendo di capire come esse siano dislocate all'interno del vaso una rispetto all'altra.Virtual Endoscopy of the Carotid Arteries with Volume Rendering Computed Tomography SUMMARY -Virtual endoscopy depicts internal anatomical surfaces by processing information acquired by volume rendering CT. This paper assesses the diagnostic potential of virtual endoscopy in the study of the carotid arteries and diseases involving these vessels (in particular atherosclerosis) and analyses the technical aspects of the software used to this type of investigation.CT scans were obtained with 3mm axial sections, 1.5 rendering increase, pitch 1.25, 120kV, 200 mA, rotation duration 1 s, field of view 18 cm and dedicated reconstruction algorithm. Images were then transferred to a work station equipped with software (Voyager-Picker International Inc., Cleveland, Ohio) which produced three-dimensional endoscopic images using the entire package of volume data (volume rendering). We describe how this software works and its advantages compared with reconstruction algorithms which only uses part of the available data, i.e. that relating to the pixels covering the external surface of the model (surface rendering).We present endoscopic images of the disease-free common carotid artery and the internal and external carotid arteries. These images depict the internal surfaces of these arteries furrowed by spiral lines attributed to vital functions like heart beats. Dummy tests using similar acquisitions modalities and the same software suggest that this hypothesis is incorrect and the furrowing is caused b artefacts linked to the acquisition processes and/or reconstruction algorithms.We then describe a study of complex atheromatous lesions (ulcerated plaque, calcifications, stenosis) using clinically proven image processing techniques like axial multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) with surface rendering (3D), volume rendering (Angio-4D) and maximum intensity projection (MIP). These techniques are correlated with a virtual endoscopic view which summarises in a single image all the diseases detected with the other modalities.
Resumen Este artículo presenta un dispositivo flexible y de bajo costo equipo diseñado para la realización de experiencias en el área de propagación de calor, el cual está basado en tecnología Arduino y el ambiente gráfico Xcos de Scilab. Además de la ventaja pedagógica de la implementación realizada por estudiantes de grado de ingeniería, la utilización del equipo ha posibilitado, mediante resultados experimentales, la determinación del coeficiente de convección y el análisis, y ajuste, del efecto de los sensores utilizados en la medida.
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