Oxidation of LDL may contribute to atherogenesis, though the nature of the in vivo oxidant(s) remains obscure. Myeloperoxidase, the enzyme responsible for hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl) production in vivo, is present in active form in human atherosclerotic lesions, and HOCl aggregates and transforms LDL into a high-uptake form for macrophages in vitro. Here we demonstrate HOCl-modified proteins in human lesions using an mAb raised against HOCl-modified LDL that recognizes HOCl-oxidized proteins but does not cross-react with Cu

Objective The primary objectives of this study were to examine the differential presentation(s) in young adults with Juvenile-onset Fibromyalgia (JFM) with and without a history of trauma as compared to healthy controls across psychological and health-related outcomes. Methods 110 participants (86 with JFM and 24 healthy controls; Mage=23.4 years) completed a structured clinical interview to assess for trauma and psychological comorbidities and self-report questionnaires on pain, physical functioning, and healthcare utilization. Results 37% (n=32) of JFM participants reported a trauma history. Three group comparisons (i.e., JFMTrauma vs. JFMNo Trauma vs. Healthy Controls) revealed that JFM participants significantly differed on all psychological and health-related outcomes from healthy controls. Further, although JFM participants with and without a trauma history did not significantly differ on pain and physical functioning, JFM participants with a trauma history were significantly more likely to have psychological comorbidities. Conclusion The current study is the first controlled study to examine the differential outcomes between JFM participants with and without a history of trauma. Two group comparisons between JFM participants and healthy controls were consistent with previous research. Further, our findings indicate that JFM participants with a trauma history experience greater psychological but not physical impairment than JFM participants without a trauma history.

SummaryAims– Psychiatric hospitals remain the main venue for long-term mental health care and, despite widespread closures and downsizing, no country that built asylums in the last century has done away with them entirely – with the recent exception of Italy. Differentiated community-based residential alternatives have been developed over the past decades, with staffing levels that range from full-time professional, to daytime only, to part-time/on-call.Methods– This paper reviews the characteristics of community-based psychiatric residential care facilities as an alternative to long-term care in psychiatric hospitals. It describes five factors decision makers should consider: 1. number of residential places needed; 2. staffing levels; 3. physical setting; 4. programming; and 5. governance and financing.Results– In Italy, facilities with full-time professional staff have been developed since the mid-1990s to accommodate the last cohorts of patients discharged from psychiatric hospitals. In the United Kingdom, experiments withhostel wardssince the 1980s have shown that home-like, small-scale facilities with intensive treatment and rehabilitation programming can be effective for the most difficult-to-place patients. More recently in Australia,Community Care Units(CCUs) have been applying this concept. In the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC),Tertiary Psychiatric Residential Facilities (TPRFs)have been developed as part of an effort to regionalise health and social services and downsize and ultimately close its only psychiatric hospital.Conclusions– This type of service must be further developed in addition to the need for forensic, acute-care and intermediate-level beds, as well as for community-based care such as assertive community treatment and intensive case management. All these types of services, together with long-term community-based residential care, constitute the elements of a balanced mental health care system. As part of a region's balanced mental health care plan, these Tertiary Psychiatric Care Facilities have the potential to act as hubs of expertise not only for treatment, rehabilitation, community integration and ser-vice co-ordination for the severely mentally ill, but also for research and training.Declaration of Interest: None.

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