Making-do has been pointed out as an important category of waste in the construction industry. It refers to a situation in which a task starts or continues without having available all the inputs required for its completion, such as materials, machinery, tools, personnel, external conditions, and information. By contrast, the literature points out that improvisation is a ubiquitous human practice even in highly structured business organizations, and plays an important role when rules and methods fail. The aim of this paper is to provide some insights on the nature of making-do as a type of waste, based on two exploratory case studies carried out on construction sites. The main contributions of this research work are concerned with the identification of different categories of making-do and its main causes. This paper also discusses some strategies for reducing making-do on construction sites.
The central nervous system shows limited regenerative capacity after injury. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating traumatic injury resulting in loss of sensory, motor, and autonomic function distal from the level of injury. An appropriate combination of biomaterials and bioactive substances is currently thought to be a promising approach to treat this condition. Systemic administration of valproic acid (VPA) has been previously shown to promote functional recovery in animal models of SCI. In this study, VPA was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microfibers by the coaxial electrospinning technique. Fibers showed continuous and cylindrical morphology, randomly oriented fibers, and compatible morphological and mechanical characteristics for application in SCI. Drug-release analysis indicated a rapid release of VPA during the first day of the in vitro test. The coaxial fibers containing VPA supported adhesion, viability, and proliferation of PC12 cells. In addition, the VPA/PLGA microfibers induced the reduction of PC12 cell viability, as has already been described in the literature. The biomaterials were implanted in rats after SCI. The groups that received the implants did not show increased functional recovery or tissue regeneration compared to the control. These results indicated the cytocompatibility of the VPA/PLGA core-shell microfibers and that it may be a promising approach to treat SCI when combined with other strategies.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) é considerado uma nova abordagem de gestão de projetos nas áreas de arquitetura, engenharia e construção, envolvendo todo o ciclo de vida de uma edificação. Embora tenha diferentes definições, todas convergem para o uso da tecnologia, sendo esta responsável por demandar mudanças no conceito e processo de concepção dos projetos ou sendo a base fundamental para que tais mudanças ocorram no setor, melhorando assim a qualidade e produtividade dos projetos. A literatura traz guias e publicações que sugerem diretrizes, para compreensão e implementação de BIM, entretanto, a mesma traz poucos relatos de casos empíricos, que assegurem tais diretrizes, bem como relatem as barreiras e desafios, que as empresas estão encontrando, na adoção de BIM. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender e analisar as recomendações existentes na bibliografia sobre a implementação de BIM e compará-las a um caso real, em um escritório de projetos de arquitetura. A investigação foi baseada na revisão bibliográfica focada no tema de implementação de BIM, bem como em entrevistas semi estruturadas conduzidas com profissionais envolvidos no desenvolvimento de projetos, do escritório em estudo. Por fim, foi possível realizar uma análise comparativa destas informações, que apontou que mesmo as diretrizes não sendo utilizadas na íntegra, elas não impossibilitam o sucesso da implementação, em uma empresa, pois estas são apenas direcionadoras, no sentido da adoção. A maneira que ocorrerá a implementação em uma determinada empresa dependerá dos seus objetivos, assim como, a relação desses com os benefícios de BIM, que a empresa espera alcançar.
h e r t umd L. A. B o m m e r . In einer vorlaufigen Mitteilung I) wurden einige wesentliche Ziige des Ni-Bogenspektrums dargelegt ; die vorliegende Arbeit sol1 detailliertere Ausfiihrungen zur Termstruktur des Nickels bringen. Als Hilfsmittel zur Ordnung des Ni-Spektrums wurden im ultravioletten und sichtbaren Bebiet die Wellen~angenmessungen yon Hamm2) und im roten Teil die von Kiess und Meggers? benutzt; fur Linien, die in keiner der beiden Me8reihen enthalten sind, wurden die alteren Bestimmungen von E x n e r und Haschek4) und von HasselbergK) herangezogen. Fiir einen grofien Teil des Spektrums hat Kinge) in zwei Arbeiten das Temperaturverhalten der Linien angegeben. Seine Angaben bestatigen unsere Ansicht iiber oben und unten im Niveauschema des Ni, da alle Linien, die zu tiefliegenden Termen gehoren, sich als temperaturbestandig erweisen , im Gegensatz zu den Kombinationen haherer Niveaus, die erst bei gesteigerter Temperaturanregung erscheinen. Gute Zeemaneffektmessungen standen uns nicht zur Verfugung. Das Bogenspektrum des Ni hat ungerade Vielfachheiten in ubereinstimmung mit der theoretischen Erwmtung 9: Wir weisen ein Triplett-und Singulettsystem nach. Der Grundterm des Spektrums gehijrt dem Triplettsystem an und hat das 1) K. ,Bogenspektren der Eiemeute bei 5) E. Hasselberg, Kgl. Svensks Vet. Aksd. Handl. 28. 1896. 6) A. S. K i n g , Contributions from the Mt. Wils. Obs. Nr. 108 u. 181. 7) Vgl. A. Sommerfeld, ,,Atombau u. Spektrallinien", 4. Aufl., normalem Druck", Leipzig u. Wien, Deuticke, 1911.S. 596.
Die Arbeit wurde zu dem Zwecke ausgeffihrt, um das Spektrum des ionisierten Ci~siums mit dem vorliegenden Spektrum zu vergleiehen. l~ber diesen Vergleich soll in Biilde berichtet werden. Zu dieser ersten Untersuchung wurden Messungen yon BalyI), Merrill~) und Meggers 0 benutzt. Im Spektrum sind 148 Linien gemessen. Davon wurden 142 Linien in Paare und Gruppen geordnet. Balys Messungen sind an Rowlandnormalen angesehlossen. Sie wurden auf das internationale Normalensystem umgereehnet. Er gibt die Fehlergrenze seiner Messungen zu 0,03 ~_ an. Die Mel~genauigkeit seheint iibersehiitzt zu sein. Kayserl) bemerkt zu Balys Messungen, es sei auffallend, da$ einige starke Linien im roten und blauen Spektrnm mit einem Untersehied der Wellenl~inge yon etwa 0,5 A vorkiimen, niimlieh im roten Spektrum: 4524,83 (6); 4193,70 (8); 4109,84 (5); 3951,16 (10), ,, blauen ,, : 4524,38(5); 4193,25(8); 4109,20(5); 3951,70(8), und bezweifelt, dag es sich bier um versehiedene Linien handle. Hicks') untersueht das yon Baly gemessene blaue Xenonspektrum. Er gibt die Schwingungszahlen in v ~ 108 )~--~ an und l~fit bei der Zusammenstellung konstanter Sehwingungszahldifferenzen Sehwanknngen derselben his zu fiinf Einheiten zu. Er findet Serien. Die Intensitiiten sind tells den Messungen Balys, tells den Messungen Merrills entnommen. Aus der Tabelle geht hervor, dag die Intensitiitsangaben der yon beiden Autoren gemessenen Linien tei|weise sehr unterschiedlieh sin& Paulson 5) hat im vortiegenden Spektrum eine Gruppe gefunden. Dieselbe wurde erweitert.
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