On Jeju Island, South Korea, an investigation was conducted to determine the best method for estimating Weibull parameters. Six methods commonly used in many fields of the wind energy industry were reviewed: the empirical, moment, graphical, energy pattern factor, maximum likelihood, and modified maximum likelihood methods. In order to improve the reliability of a research result, five-year actual wind speed data taken from nine sites with various topographical conditions were used for the estimation. Furthermore, the effect of various topographical conditions on the accuracy of the methods was analyzed and 10 bin interval types were applied to determine the most appropriate bin interval based on their performances. Weibull distributions that were estimated using these methods were compared with the observed wind speed distribution. Then the accuracy of each method was evaluated using four accuracy tests. The results showed that of the six methods, the moment method had the best performance regardless of topographical conditions, while the graphical method performed the worst. Additionally, topographical conditions did not affect the accuracy ranking of the methods for estimating the Weibull parameters, while an increase of terrain complexity resulted in an increase of discrepancy between the estimated Weibull distribution and the frequency of the observed wind speed data. In addition, the choice in bin interval greatly affected the accuracy of the graphical method while it did not depend on the accuracy of the modified maximum likelihood method.
Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from cells that originate in the cervix uteri. It is the second most prevalent cancer among women. It can have several causes; an infection with some type of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer. Over 100 types of HPVs have been identified, and more than 40 types of HPVs are typically transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region. Among these, a number of HPVs types, containing types 16 and 18, are classified as "high-risk" HPVs that can cause cervical cancer. The HPVs vaccine prevents infection with certain species of HPVs associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers. Two HPVs vaccines are currently on the global market: quadrivalent HPVs vaccine and bivalent HPV vaccine that use virus-like particles as a vaccine antigen. This review discusses the current status of HPVs vaccines on the global market, clinical trials, and the future of HPVs vaccine development.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.