The direct emission of circularly polarized (CP) light improves the efficiency of an organic light-emitting diode and characterizes the secondary structure of proteins. In most cases, CP light is generated from a luminescent layer containing chiral characteristics, thereby generating only one kind of CP light in an entire device. Here, we propose direct CP light emissions using a twisted achiral conjugate polymer without any chiral dopant as an emitting layer (EML). The twisted structure is induced in the mesogenic conjugate polymer due to its elasticity by applying different alignment directions to its upper and lower interfaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate the simultaneous emission of orthogonal CP light in a single luminescent device by patterning different alignment directions on the surfaces of the EML. The light source with multipolarization including the orthogonal CP states is applicable to many applications in biosensors and optical devices.
ISO 14001 is one of the best known and most common globally adopted environmental management system-based standards under current sustainable development schemes. This paper investigates the impact of ISO 14001 on the level of pollutant emissions across manufacturing facilities in Korea. The level of pollutant emissions in 22 ISO 14001-certified facilities in Korea is compared with that of 52 non-certified ones. Through statistical analyses based on the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests, it is concluded that ISO 14001-certified facilities and non-certified facilities are not significantly different in terms of the level of pollutant emissions produced. These statistical results indicate that ISO 14001 may not contribute to the actual improvement of environmental performance in Korea.
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