The microbial fermentation in the stomachs of two monkeys, Colobus polykomos, collected in Kenya, was studied. The gas accumulated within the stomach contained H2 but no CH,. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were high, but accumulated acid prevented determination of the fermentation rate in untreated, incubated stomach contents. Upon addition of bicarbonate, a very rapid rate could be demonstrated. Some D-and L-lactate were in the stomach contents. Starchy seeds or fruits rather than leaves appeared to have been consumed. Microscopically, the most prominent microorganisms seen were large, very refringent cocci, possibly Sarcina ventriculi, and various smaller cocci and rods. The 28 cultured strains of bacteria included 14 Staphylococcus, 2 Streptococcus, 10 Propionibacterium, and 2 Peptostreptococcus. The culture count constituted 10 to 20% of the direct count. No protozoa or cellulolytic bacteria were found.
A sporeformer morphologically different but physiologically similar to Clostridium aceticum Wieringa was isolated from sewage sludge. It used large amounts of H2 and CO2, converting them chiefly to acetic acid. Growth occurs anaerobically on yeast extract alone, but after the nutrients in yeast extract are used, growth continues at a reduced rate, supported by the conversion of the gases to acetate. In 1936 Wieringa (10) isolated from Holland canal mud an anaerobic sporeformer, later named Clostridium aceticum (11), forming acetic acid and traces of formic acid in a medium containing H2 and CO2 plus mud extract and added minerals. Subsequent attempts to isolate sporeformers converting exogenous H2-CO2 to acetate have been generally unsuccessful, though Schoberth and Balch (Abstr. Annu.
The ATPase activity of whole cells of anaerobically grown Saccharomycet carlsbergensts was low, but EDTA or glucose revealed ATPase activity. The ATPase was activated by Mg++ and Ca++; excess Ca++ was inhibitory. The optimum pH was 8-0 and optimum temperature about 40°C. The enzyme liberated less than two moles of phosphate from one mole of ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates and released phosphate slowly from ADP; nucleoside monophosphates were not hydrolysed. The enzyme was inhibited by atebrin, sodium azide and ADP, but was unaffected by ouabain, sodium fluoride or 2,4-dinitrophenol.
As a method to improve the utilization of rice material in sake manufacture, an experiment was carried out, which involved the use of koji made from cracked rice grains.Cracked rice had a tendency to lose water during koji making, and resulted koji was dryer than common one. The enzyme activities, other characters, and the amount of mycelium contents of the koji were much the same as those of common one.Though the amount of sake cake produced from the moromi-mash made of cracked rice koji was somewhat higher than that of the common one, the yield of sake was almost the same with both mashes.
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