No abstract

1What determines our views on taxation and crime, healthcare and religion, welfare and 2 gender roles? And why do opinions about these seemingly disparate aspects of our social 3 lives coalesce the way they do? Research over the last 50 years has suggested that political 4 attitudes and values around the globe are shaped by two ideological dimensions, often 5 referred to as economic and social conservatism. However, it remains unclear why this 6 ideological structure exists. Here, we highlight the striking concordance between these two 7 dimensions of ideology and two key aspects of human sociality: cooperation and group 8 conformity. Humans cooperate to a greater degree than our great ape relatives, paying 9 personal costs to benefit others. Humans also conform to group-wide social norms and punish 10 norm violators in interdependent, culturally marked groups. Together, these two shifts in 11 sociality are posited to have driven the emergence of large-scale complex human societies. 12 We argue that fitness trade-offs and behavioural plasticity have maintained strategic 13 individual differences in both cooperation and group conformity, naturally giving rise to the 14 two dimensions of political ideology. Supported by evidence from psychology, behavioural 15 genetics, behavioural economics, and primatology, this evolutionary framework promises 16 novel insight into the biological and cultural basis of political ideology. 17 18

No abstract

Cladophora is a genus of branched filamentous green algae (Ulvophyceae). It contains many species that are challenging to differentiate based on morphology because of the scarcity of diagnostic characters and extensive phenotypic plasticity. Within the past five years, Cladophora blooms have been observed on the ropes of green-lipped mussel farms in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. When Cladophora reaches high biomass, it can clog mussel-harvesting equipment; thus, it is considered a nuisance organism in the region. This study used morphological and molecular techniques to identify the species responsible for the blooms, and to investigate whether this might be a recent incursion. Cladophora samples (n = 21) were collected from nine mussel farms, one salmon farm, and a marina. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses (partial large subunit and internally transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 of the nuclear ribosomal cistron), revealed the identity of the bloom forming species as Cladophora ruchingeri (C.Agardh) Kützing, 1845. This represents the first report of this species in the Southern Hemisphere and Pacific region. Given the distinct morphology of C. ruchingeri (when mature), its absence from previous surveys of macro-algae from this region, and increasing reports of blooms, our findings suggest that this species has only recently been introduced to New Zealand. This study provides a robust taxonomic identification and initial baseline data. Further directed studies on Cladophora are required to advance knowledge on its ecology and distribution in New Zealand, and assist in the development of mitigation strategies.

The emergence of evidence-supported interventions allows hospitals the opportunity to reduce future reinjury among patients who are violently injured. However, hospital knowledge of these interventions and their perceived role in violence prevention is unknown. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act created new legal requirements for non-profit hospitals to conduct community health needs assessments (CHNA) every three years to maintain not-for-profit status. In turn, this allows an empiric evaluation of hospital recognition and response to community violence. To do so, this study performed a content analysis of hospital CHNAs from the 20 U.S. cities with the highest violent crime rates. A total of 77 CHNAs were examined for specific violence-related keywords as well as whether violence prevention was listed as a priority community need. Overall, 74% of CHNAs mentioned violence-related terms and only 32% designated violence prevention as a priority need. When discussed, 88% of CHNAs referenced community violence, 42% intimate partner or sexual violence, and 22% child abuse. This study suggests that hospitals may lack awareness of violence as an actionable, preventable public health issue. Further, evidence-based program models are available to hospitals that can reduce the recurrence of assaultive injuries.