PurposeObesity is related to many diseases, including urological conditions. We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment of male obesity.Materials and MethodsThis study included 17,485 men older than 20 years of age who participated in the fourth, fifth, and sixth administrations of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Two main cutoff points for obesity were defined: a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and a BMI≥30 kg/m2. Additionally, we defined obesity requiring pharmacotherapy as the presence of a BMI≥30 kg/m2 or a BMI≥27 kg/m2 co-occurring with at least one associated comorbid medical condition, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes.ResultsThe prevalence rates of a BMI≥25 kg/m2, a BMI≥30 kg/m2, and obesity requiring pharmacotherapy were 35.7%, 3.4%, and 10.5%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity increased over time for all definitions of obesity. The prevalence of obesity requiring pharmacotherapy was highest in Jeju (12.5%) and lowest in Gangwon-do (7.7%). Having a higher income, being a non-manual worker, and having completed a high level of education were significantly related to obesity requiring pharmacotherapy. More than 70% of patients with obesity requiring pharmacotherapy reported taking diet pills, eating functional foods, or consuming a one-food diet for weight reduction, but only 13.9% reported exercising for this purpose.ConclusionsMale obesity is a common condition, the prevalence of which is expected to continue to increase over time. A better strategy is required to manage male obesity in Korea.
PurposeHigh serum inorganic phosphorus level is related with atherosclerosis and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. At the same time, the association of phosphorus with erectile dysfunction (ED) is not well reported. We studied the effect of serum phosphorus on ED and the relationship with other clinical variables.Materials and MethodsFrom March to September 2013, 1,899 police men aged 40 to 59 years who entered in a prostate health screening were targeted. All subjects underwent a clinical checking using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire translated into Korean. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), testosterone, inorganic phosphorus, body mass index, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and prostate ultrasound were also examined.ResultsSerum inorganic phosphorus (r=–0.108, p<0.001) had the highest correlation coefficient with IIEF-5 score other than age, followed by prostate volume (PV) (r=–0.065, P<0.001). Using logistic regression analysis, age, phosphorus, and MetS were predictive factors for moderate to severe ED in univariate analysis. PSA, testosterone, body mass index, and PV could not predict ED. Age, MetS, and phosphorus were independent predictive factors of moderate to severe ED (p<0.001; odds ratio [OR], 1.119; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.086–1.153; p=0.048; OR, 1.283; 95% CI, 1.003–1.641; and p=0.048; OR, 1.101; 95% CI, 1.076–1.131) in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionsIn our study, phosphorus level is related with ED. Phosphorus is a significant predictor of ED and a strong factor that can be modified in the middle-age. Controlling phosphorus in men may have a particular meaning of preventing the occurrence of ED.
Purpose: Cystoscopy is one of the most reliable urological examinations. However, it also a painful one. Intraurethral lidocaine gel injection is widely used to relieve pain during cystoscopy. The purpose of this study is to compare between the use of lidocaine gel and lidocaine solution as a pretreatment for cystoscopy. Materials and Methods: Between March 2016 and May 2017, we studied 147 patients who had undergone cystoscopy at our institution. Patients were divided into four groups. Lidocaine gel and solution were administered just 10 minutes before each test. For randomization, the patient groups were divided into either odd or even number for the test day and as the patient number, irrespective of medical condition. The amount of lidocaine gel and solution of 10 ml each was uniformly injected. After the procedure, patients were asked to rate their pain on a 10-point visual analogue scale. Results: The average degree of pain relief was in the order of solution/10 minutes, gel/immediately, gel/10 minutes, and solution/immediately. The gel was associated with significantly less pain in the immediate group than in 10-minute before group, whereas the solution was associated with significantly better pain relief in the 10-minute before group than in the immediate group. There were no complications to report in all groups. Conclusions: Lidocaine gel and solution showed different changes of pain relief over time. Further prospective studies with a larger population is necessary to better develop a less painful method of cystoscopy in the future.
Calcinosis cutis-calcification in soft tissue-is a rare benign disease that is separated into the following subtypes: dystrophic, iatrogenic, metastatic, calciphylaxis, and idiopathic. One of common site of calcinosis cutis is the scrotum. The nodules slowly grow for years or decades. The characteristic of calcinosis cutis of the scrotum is generally asymptomatic, yellowish marble-like, hard, polypoidal, solitary, or multiple. However, the pathogenesis of this nodule remains ambiguous and controversial. Thus, we reviewed possible causes and therapeutic consideration of calcinosis cutis of the scrotum.
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