“…A variety of medical interventions, such as intra-urethral injection of lidocaine lubricant [8] or flexible cystoscopy [9], have been used to alleviate pain and anxiety during cystoscopy. Flexible cystoscopy is generally less painful than rigid cystoscopy; however, it is expensive, visualizes a smaller area, and requires more skill from urologists, and is therefore not favored [10,11].…”