The thymus is a crossroad between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. As such, it is innervated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive fibres of the vagus, the recurrent laryngeal and the phrenic nerves. It is well know, that the innervations density of the thymus increases with age. In our study, adult rats were orchidectomized (surgically and chemically by the application of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone). The density of AChE-positive nerve fibres in thymuses, as well as the weight of thymuses was examined. The authors found that both surgical and chemical orchidectomy result in macroscopic and microscopic regeneration of the atrophied thymuses. In regenerated rat’s thymuses after orchidectomy the density of AChE-positive nerve fibres was markedly higher in comparison with the control animals. The distribution, as well as the density of AChE-positive nerve fibres in regenerated thymuses after orchidectomy evokes the images of its innervations like in young animals before age-related involution. The authors also found a markedly higher weight of thymuses of orchidectomized rats in comparison with the control groups. In recent study the authors proved that after 8 weeks surgical orchidectomy leads to the regeneration of thymic AChE-positive innervation and chemical orchidectomy by administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone after 4 weeks of adult rats.
The distribution of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) activity was investigated and compared in the rat, rabbit and pheasant thoracic spinal cord. The investigation of all spinal cord regions (laminae) in three experimental species revealed marked differences in the distribution of NADPH-d activity. Cross sectional analysis of the spinal cord of the rat, rabbit and pheasant confirmed differences in the shape of the gray matter in all examined species. More detailed investigation of Rexed´s laminas showed similar distribution of NADPH-d activity in the spinal cord of the rat and rabbit, which were different when compared with the spinal cord of the pheasant. Ventral horn of the rat and rabbit showed no labelling whereas in pheasant this area possessed a number of scattered, intensively stained neurons. In the location of autonomic preganglionic neurons, differences were found as well. In the rat there was seen a number of densely packed, clearly dark blue coloured neurons. Similarly, these neurons were present in the rabbit spinal cord but they were less numerous. No staining was found in this region of pheasant. Pericentral area (lamina X) and intermediate zone (laminaVII) revealed the presence of NADPH-d positive neurons in all examined species although they differed in number and shape of their bodies. The dorsal horn showed the presence of NADPH-d staining in all three animals but its distribution was different in medio - lateral direction. It can be suggested that observed differencies in the presence and distribution of NADPH-d activity across the examined species may reflect different fylogenetic developmen
This article highlights an unusual and unilateral variation in the blood supply to the inferior portion of the thyroid gland observed on the right lobe during anatomy dissection course. The rare variation of the occurrence of two anomalous arteries: the middle thyroid artery and the aberrant accessory inferior thyroid artery, and one uncommon variant, the thyroid ima artery, was detected in an adult female cadaver. The two generally constant arteries, the superior thyroid artery and the inferior thyroid artery, have been found in their usual anatomical location. Both the middle thyroid artery and aberrant accessory inferior thyroid artery arose from the right common carotid artery. The middle thyroid artery coursed as a very short branch ventromedially to enter the inferior lateral portion of the right lobe of the thyroid gland. It was at the same level, in which the inferior thyroid artery reached the lateral border of the thyroid gland. The aberrant accessory inferior thyroid artery originated similarly, from the ventromedial surface of the right common carotid artery and passed to supply the inferior pole of the right lobe. The thyroid ima artery was found to arise from the brachiocephalic trunk, entering the isthmus of the thyroid gland. Information about the embryological background might be helpful to clarify why such a type of variation occurs. It is necessary to understand the possible existence of this anomaly, to carry out successful radical neck dissection and to minimize the risk of postoperative complications in patients.
RESUMENLa lesión más común del tejido periodontal se produce por la acción de la placa microbiana. Un porcentaje menor de lesión proviene de factores no microbianos (irritación física y química). Entre el periodonto y la pulpa existe una conexión. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer la relación entre el periodoncio y la pulpa dental para prevenir la lesión. Se obtuvieron resultados positivos mediante el tratamiento apropiado, el cual influyó en la inflamación del periodonto. También es necesaria la cooperación entre el dentista y el higienista dental. Es importante para los pacientes conocer la causa de su enfermedad para poder cooperar con la lucha contra la enfermedad de los dientes. Esta enfermedad es causada por la inflamación resultante de la placa dental. La bacteria está integrado en la placa y excretan las sustancias nocivas que resultan de la disolución de los tejidos periodontales. Por otra parte, es importante para los pacientes de enfoque individual. Dependiendo de la etapa de la enfermedad del paciente, se puede determinar el plan correcto de tratamiento ortodóncico. La higiene dental se realiza en primer lugar, seguido por el tratamiento conservador de los die.ntes afectados. Si es necesario, el tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado. Finalmente, el paciente debe someterse a la comprobación regular para arriba. Guardar encima de estos procedimientos antes, después y durante el tratamiento periodontal dramáticamente puede disminuir la gravedad de la enfermedad y mejorar el pronóstico de pacientes con periodontitis.Palabras clave: Periodoncio; ligamentos; hueso alveolar; periodontitis, ortodoncia. ABSTRACTThe most common periodontal tissue damage occurs by the action of microbial plaque. A smaller percentage of damage comes from non-microbial factors (physical and chemical irritation). Between the periodontium and the pulp exists a connection. Therefore, it is necessary to know the relationship between periodontium and pulp in order to prevent damage. Positive results were achieved by the appropriate treatment influencing on the inflamation of the periodontium. Also, cooperation between the attending dentist and dental hygienist is needed. It is important for patients to know the reason of their illness in order to be able in cooperation of fighting against the disease of their teeth. This disease is caused by the inflammation resulting from the dental plaque. The bacterium is embedded in the plaque and it excretes harmful substances which result in dissolving of the periodontal tissues. Moreover, it is important to approach patients individually. Depending on the stage of the patient's illness, the correct orthodontic treatment plan can be determined. The dental hygiene is performed at first, followed by the conservative treatment of affected teeth. If necessary, the surgical treatment is indicated. Finally, the patient should undergo the regular check up.The keeping up of these procedures before, after and during periodontal treatmentmay dramatically decrease the severity of disease and improve the pr...
The aim of this work was to determine the localization of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity as the marker for synthesis of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the rat thymus after the application of retinoid acid (RA) on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days of gestation. The given results can build the basis for understanding of the role of NOS in rat thymus. NADPH-d positive cells were represented with dark-blue color and were localized on corticomedullar junction of the thymus. These cells were of different intensity of coloring and were shaped in oval, circle or irregular forms. NADPH-d positive nerve fibers were observed in perivascular topography. They were marked more strongly in the case of control group. The result of application of RA to gravid rats was that the birth weights of newborn rats and their thymuses were smaller, but without statistically significance.
The mitral valve, as an active flap, forms the major part of the left ventricular inflow tract and therefore plays an important function in many aspects of left ventricular performance. The anterior leaflet of this valve is the largest and most ventrally placed of two leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the left atrioventricular orifice. Various neurotransmitters are responsible for different functions including controlling valve movement, inhibiting or causing the failure of impulse conduction in the valve and the sensation of pain. Nitric oxide acts as a gaseous free radical neurotransmitter, neuromediator and effective cardiovascular modulator. Acetyl-choline is known to function as a typical neurotransmitter. Histochemical methods for detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), as an indirect nitric oxide-synthase marker, and method for detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were used. Both methods were performed on the same valve sample. A widespread distribution of nerve fibres was observed in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The fine NADPH-d positive (nitrergic) nerve fibres were identified in all zones of valve leaflet. AChE positive (cholinergic) nerve fibres were identified forming dense network and fibres organized in stripes. Endocardial cells and vessels manifested heavy NADPH-d activity. Our observations suggest a different arrangement of nitrergic and cholinergic nerve fibres in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The presence of nitrergic and cholinergic activity confirms the involvement of both neurotransmitters in nerve plexuses and other structures of mitral valve.
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