Bentonite − TiO2 composites were prepared by impregnation of TiO2 and bentonite, followed by microwave irradiation processes. The composites were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and nitrogen sorption methods. Anatase phase of TiO2 in all composites are observed through XRD diffraction peaks and surface morphology of the composites. The adsorption and photocatalytic capabilities of the composites were tested in liquid phase adsorption of methylene blue and Rhodamine B. The adsorption and photocatalytic degradation experiments were conducted in the presence or absence of UV light irradiation. Langmuir and Freundlich models were employed to correlate the experimental adsorption data, and it was found that Langmuir gave better performance in correlating the experimental data. Modification of Langmuir equation to accommodate photocatalytic degradation process was conducted, and the model could represent the experimental results very well.
Acetylsalicylic acid is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and antiplatelet agents by inhibiting cyclooxygenases. However, therapy using acetylsalicylic acid could induce gastric bleeding and cause other gastrointestinal toxicity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the synthesis of a new compound bearing salicylic acid residue namely 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid, to analyze its potential as a ligand for human cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) receptor, to evaluate its toxicity level and its effectiveness for analgesic and antiplatelet agent compared with acetylsalicylic acid.Synthesis of 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid was conducted by microwave irradiation. The purity of this compound was evaluated with TLC, IR, NMR, and EDS spectroscopy. The chemical characterization and docking studies against human COX-2 (PDB:5F1A) was performed in-silico. The acute oral toxicity assay was performed under OECD guidelines. The analgesic activity study was performed by plantar and writhing test on animal model. For anti-platelet activity study, we performed tail-bleeding assay and flow cytometry based platelet aggregation assay. We could successfully synthesize a pure white crystalline 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid. In-Silico G-Score result of those compounds gives us preliminary hint of the potential affinity of this compound as a ligand for COX-2 receptor (PDB: 5F1A). Acute toxicity and microscopic gastrointestinal assessments indicated non-observable harmful toxicity parameters. The plantar response time of 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid treated groups showed a significant increment (P < 0.01), and the nociceptive response in writhing test demonstrated a significant dose-dependent decrement. This indicated that its analgesic activity was better than acetylsalicylic acid. The platelet aggregation of 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid was lower than its controls, indicating an aggregation inhibition pattern. The animals treated with 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid gave a longer bleeding time. Overall, this study demonstrated a successful synthesis of pure 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy) benzoic acid. We postulated that this compound was better than acetylsalicylic acid, exhibiting excellent analgesic and antiplatelet activity with no toxicity impact.
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