This paper presents a novel adaptive control strategy for integrating direct load control (DLC) with interruptible load management (ILM) to provide instantaneous reserves for ancillary services in deregulated power systems. Fuzzy dynamic programming is used to satisfy customers' requirements and yields a near optimal pre-scheduling of the DLC. Then, the energy payback associated with the DLC is further eliminated by the adaptive control strategy, which exploits interruptible loads to modify the DLC schedule in real-time. Through the developed adaptive control strategy, the influences of the load uncertainties and forecasting errors on the pre-scheduling of the DLC can also be excluded. The proposed algorithm was practically tested on the Taiwan power (Taipower) 38-unit system with 20 air-conditioner loads and 15 interruptible loads. The outcomes reveal that an exact amount of instantaneous reserves can be successfully acquired, and the results are robust against dynamic disturbances of the power system.
Index Terms-Adaptivecontrol strategy, direct load control, fuzzy dynamic programming, interruptible load management. NOMENCLATURE Minimal cost to arrive at state . Control duration of the th air-conditioner load at the th stage. CI Control interval. Maximum operation costs at stage . Minimum operation costs at stage . Current state of the th interruptible load. Error between the system and the reference model. Fuel cost of the on-line units at state . Forecasted load at the th stage. Amount of the interrupted capacities by the DLC at the th stage. Interrupted load by the ILM at stage . Maximal off-line duration of the th interruptible load. Minimal on-line duration of the th interruptible load.
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