Opencast as well as underground coal mining are likely to disturb the underground water table in terms of quantity as well as quality. Added to this is the problem of leachates from the large number of industrial waste and overburden dumps that are in abundance in mining areas, reaching the ground water and adversely affecting its quality. Enhancement of heavy metals contamination of the ground water is one eventuality. In the present work, concentrations of 7 heavy metals have been evaluated at 20 important ground water sampling stations at Dhanbad township situated very near to Jharia coalfields. The concentration of heavy metals in general was found to be below the permissible levels although concentration of iron and manganese was found above the permissible limits at a few stations. These data have been used for the calculation of heavy metal pollution index (HPI). The HPI of ground water in total was found to be 6.8860 which is far below the critical index limit of 100 pointing to the fact that the ground water is not polluted with respect to heavy metals in spite of the prolific growth of mining and allied industrial activities near the town.
Instances of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes are on the rise globally leading to greater morbidity and mortality, with the greatest burden in low and middle income countries [LMIC]. A major contributing factor to diabetes is unhealthy dietary behaviour. We conducted 38 semi structured interviews with patients, health professionals, policy-makers and researchers in Kathmandu, Nepal, to better understand the determinants of dietary behaviour amongst patients with diabetes and high blood glucose levels. We created a social ecological model which is specific to socio-cultural context with our findings with the aim of informing culturally appropriate dietary behaviour interventions for improving dietary behaviour. Our findings show that the most influential determinants of dietary behaviour include cultural practices (gender roles relating to cooking), social support (from family and friends), the political and physical environment (political will, healthy food availability) and individuals’ motivations and capabilities. Using these most influential determinants, we suggest potentially effective dietary interventions that could be implemented by policy makers. Our findings emphasise the importance of considering socio-cultural context in developing interventions and challenges one-size-fits-all approaches which are often encouraged by global guidelines. We demonstrate how multifaceted and multi layered models of behavioural influence can be used to develop policy and practice with the aim of reducing mortality and morbidity from diabetes.
ABSTRACT-This study is a comparative analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water intake in urban area of Patna District, Bihar state. A total of 68 drinking water samples randomly collected from 41 hand pumps, 14 municipal supply tap, 11 boring water and 2 well from 15 different locations of urban area of Patna District. Samples were collected aseptically in 60ml sterile plastic container for bacteriological and in 1 liter sterile plastic bottle for physicochemical parameter like pH, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, etc and compared with BIS (IS -10500). MPN test was applied to detect the presence of coliform in the drinking water samples. The total coliform count was detected in 57 out of 68 water samples. Most of the water samples were shown compromising physicochemical parameters. Total hardness (TH) is above the permissible limits detected in 60 out of 68 samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was also recorded below the standard for most of the samples .This results indicate that drinking water is highly in jeopardy to bacterial contamination. Construction of septic tanks near with boring and drinking water supply line short distance between water supply network and swage supply line poor constructed well head, cross contamination with waste water, Leakage in pipe line are the main cause of water contamination.
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