Background-This study evaluated the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) associated with use of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) alone and in combination with other gastrotoxic medications. Methods and Results-The

Studies suggest that estrogen therapy (ET) and combined estrogen-progestogen therapy (EPT) may have different associations with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but data are conflicting. Prior meta-analyses did not distinguish between ET and EPT. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the relative risks (RR) of CRC due to ET versus EPT among peri-or postmenopausal women. From a total of 2,661 articles, four randomized controlled trials, eight cohort and eight case-control studies were included. Variables assessed included study characteristics, duration and recency of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) use, method of assessment of HT use, outcome definition and its ascertainment method. RRs were synthesized by random-effects models. We found that EPT ever use was associated with a decreased risk of CRC (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.68-0.81), and so was ET ever use (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.91). While current use of ET was associated with a significantly reduced risk of CRC (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57-0.85), former use was not (RR 0.86, 95%CI 0.67-1.11). Recency did not significantly modify the association between EPT and CRC risk. EPT former use was associated with a lower RR of CRC compared to ET former use (p 5 0.008) but no such difference was observed between EPT and ET current use (p 5 0.12). Overall, we found consistent evidence supporting the association between EPT and CRC risk reduction, regardless of recency. While literature for the association between ET and CRC risk is heterogeneous, our analyses suggest only current use of ET is associated with a decreased CRC risk.Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) is indicated for shortterm control of intolerable menopausal symptoms and it has a limited role in the treatment of osteoporosis for selected woman. While HT was found to increase the risks of venous thromboembolism, breast cancer and stroke, studies have also suggested that it may be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).1 Grodstein et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 18 observational studies that summarized the effect of HT on CRC risk, and showed an overall inverse association, with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.80 (95% CI 0.74-0.86).2 Another meta-analysis published by Nanda et al. revealed similar results.3 The explanation for the observed association has been controversial, however, because selective prescribing of HT to healthier subjects (i.e., healthy user bias) may have accounted for superior outcomes in the HT group. This concern was partly settled by the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study, a large-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT), which found that the use of conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate was associated with a reduction in CRC risk. 4 In contrast, one study did not find a significant association between the use of conjugated equine estrogen alone and CRC risk, although the small number of CRC cases may have limited its interpretation and generalizability. 5 In fact, the WHI study results were not directly comparable with previous observational studies an...

Flexible wearable sweat sensors allow continuous, real-time, noninvasive detection of sweat analytes, provide insight into human physiology at the molecular level, and have received significant attention for their promising applications in personalized health monitoring. Electrochemical sensors are the best choice for wearable sweat sensors due to their high performance, low cost, miniaturization, and wide applicability. Recent developments in soft microfluidics, multiplexed biosensing, energy harvesting devices, and materials have advanced the compatibility of wearable electrochemical sweat-sensing platforms. In this review, we summarize the potential of sweat for medical detection and methods for sweat stimulation and collection. This paper provides an overview of the components of wearable sweat sensors and recent developments in materials and power supply technologies and highlights some typical sensing platforms for different types of analytes. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion of the challenges and a view of the prospective development of this exciting field.