Background: Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is among the biggest and most important problems experienced by ED staff. The number of ED visits is on the increase and remains an unresolved problem. Emergency department overcrowding has become an important problem for emergency care services worldwide. There is a relationship between overcrowding and patients' negative experiences of using ED and therefore reporting reduced patients' satisfaction. This study aimed to identify the causes of ED overcrowding, determine the reasons for people's use of EDs, and develop solutions for reducing ED overcrowding.Methods: This study used quantitative methods using a descriptive approach. The participants were patients who visited the ED. A questionnaire was administered to 296 participants between December 2021 and February 2022. The study included 5 different hospitals in Turkey. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: This study identified the most common presenting medical problems in the ED and why patients used the ED. Reasons for using the ED included patients perceiving their condition as really urgent (62.8%), the ED being open for 24 hours (36.1%), and receiving faster care in the ED (31.4%). This study also developed recommendations for alleviating ED overcrowding. Conclusion:This study identified causes of ED overcrowding and some solutions for alleviating the issue. Emergency department overcrowding should be perceived as an international problem, and initiatives for solutions should be implemented quickly.

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This research aimed to explore the impacts of saffron extract (SE) on composition and sensorial features of kombucha beverage prepared with green tea (GT). For this point, SE was added to GT infusion then fermented at 28±2 °C (120 h). Total acidity of samples prepared with GT (control) and saffron extract added kombucha (SEK) reached to 3.96 and 4.02 g/L, respectively at the end of the fermentation. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the beverages raised in proportion to uncultivated samples. The current findings demonstrated that SE addition to GT infusion resulted with an increment in TPC and TAC. At the end of the fermentation, increase of TPC in control and SEK were determined as 73.51% and 43.85%, respectively. The results revealed that SE addition to GT for kombucha fermentation provided enhanced nutritional properties as well as improving functional and sensorial attributes of the beverage.

Summary The importance of preprandial and postprandial total bile acids were investigated in dogs with liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration. Six healthy and mature dogs were used. After base‐line clinical and biochemical examinations, hepatocellular damage was induced by oral CCI4 administration. Determinations of plasma total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), total and direct bilirubin (TBil, DBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) along with histologic examination of the livers 10 days following CCl4 administration were conducted to ensure that hepatic damage was in fact induced by the CCl4 administration. Twelve h fasting preprandial and 2 h postprandial serum total bile acids (PRSBA, POSBA) concentrations were also measured. The median plasma TP, Alb, TBil and DBil concentrations did not show any difference (P > 0.05) during the study. Plasma ALT activities increased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) between on the 3rd and 10th days of the experiment. The median serum values of PRSBA and POSBA were significantly different (P < 0.01) on the first day and continued to be different during the experiment. In conclusion, POSBA seemed to be more reliable than PRSBA in the diagnosis of hepatic necrosis.

Introduction: Numerous models have been described to study the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, and to develop new therapies; but each of these models has their own limitations. Nowadays, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model is the most commonly used model for rheumatoid arthritis studies in certain mouse strain like DBA/1 mouse. This study aimed to describe a new protocol for local induction of arthritis in Balb/c mice, including the monitoring of clinical arthritis and the protocols for histological examination of paws of mice.