There is insufficient evidence to confirm the association between breastfeeding and allergic outcomes later in life. This study aimed to determine the relationships between different breastfeeding patterns and allergen sensitizations and risk of developing atopic diseases in early childhood. A total of 186 children from a birth cohort in the Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese Children study for a 4-year follow-up period were enrolled. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and specific IgE antibodies against food and inhalant allergens were measured sequentially at 6 months as well as at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 years of age. A significantly lower prevalence of milk sensitization was found in children at ages 1 and 1.5 years who were exclusively or partially breastfed for ≥6 months. Breastfeeding ≥6 months was significantly associated with a reduced risk of developing eczema but not allergic rhinitis and asthma at ages 1 and 2 years. Compared with exclusive breastfeeding ≥6 months, partial breastfeeding <6 months was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing eczema at ages 1 and 2 years. As with exclusive breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding for at least 6 months appears to be associated with a reduced prevalence of milk sensitization as well as a reduced risk of developing eczema in early childhood.

Background: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a form of non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. Insufficient data exist in regard to gastrointestinal history and outcome, particularly comorbidity, family history, food aversion, and poor body weight gain. Objective: We sought to identify the gastrointestinal outcomes and related risk factors in FPIES. Methods: We analyzed the clinical features and gastrointestinal outcomes of patients with FPIES retrospectively at 4 hospitals in Boston. Results: Two hundred three patients with FPIES were identified, including 180 only with acute FPIES, 8 with chronic FPIES, and 15 with both. Oat (34.5%), rice (29.6%), and cow's milk (19.2%) were the most common food triggers. The prevalence rates of personal history with allergic proctocolitis (23.2%) and family history with inflammatory bowel diseases (9.4%) and celiac disease (7.3%) were higher than those in the general population. Compared with patients with FPIES with 1 or 2 food triggers, the risk of developing food aversion increased in cases triggered by 3 or more foods (adjusted odds ratio, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.38-6.82; P 5 .006). The risk of poor body weight gain increased in FPIES triggered by cow's milk (adjusted odds ratio, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.21-9.63; P 5 .02) and banana (adjusted odds ratio, 7.63; 95% CI, 2.10-27.80; P 5 .002). Conclusions: Gastrointestinal comorbidities and family history were common in patients with FPIES. Patients with FPIES with 3 or more triggers were at risk of food aversion. Patients with FPIES with cow's milk and banana as triggers were at risk of poor body weight gain. (J Allergy Clin Immunol

Longitudinal urinary metabolomic profiling provides a link of microbe-environment interactions in the development of childhood asthma. 1-Methylnicotinamide and allantoin may participate in allergic reactions in response to allergen exposure, potentially serving as specific biomarkers for asthma.

No abstract