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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by relapses and autoimmunity caused by antibodies against the astrocyte water channel protein aquaporin-4. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the biologic knowledge of NMOSD, which resulted in the IDENTIFICATION of variable disease phenotypes, biomarkers, and complex inflammatory cascades involved in disease pathogenesis. Ongoing clinical trials are looking at new treatments targeting NMOSD relapses. This review aims to provide an update on recent studies regarding issues related to NMOSD, including the pathophysiology of the disease, the potential use of serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines as disease biomarkers, the clinical utilization of ocular coherence tomography, and the comparison of different animal models of NMOSD.

Background: Dysphagia is one of the common issues observed in patients with stroke. Stroke patients with dysphagia have to eat blended food or similar types of food for each meal, resulting in dietary dissatisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a food preparation program on dietary well-being for stroke patients with dysphagia. Methods: This study was a pilot randomized clinical trial. Twenty-two patients were assigned randomly into the food preparation group (n = 11) and control group (n = 11). The food preparation group received oral motor exercises, recognition of food texture and thickener, and hands-on food preparation for 6 weeks. Outcome measures included the Dietary Well-Being Scale, brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of life, Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire, and Mini Nutritional Assessment. Results: Patients in the food preparation group showed significant improvements in the Dietary Well-Being Scale, psychological and environmental domains of the brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of life ( P = .001–.024) with small to large effect sizes (success rate difference = 0.23–0.46). The Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire and Mini Nutritional Assessment displayed non-significant differences ( P = .053–.092) and revealed small to moderate effect sizes (success rate difference = 0.23–0.32). Conclusions: The food preparation program showed a positive impact on dietary well-being and a potential improvement in the health-related quality of life, quality of life related to the process of swallowing, and nutritional status for stroke patients with dysphagia. We recommend that stroke patients with dysphagia receive adequate knowledge and hands-on food preparation training to increase their dietary intake and well-being.

Neuroblastoma is the most common malignant disease of infancy, and amplification of the MYCN oncogene is closely associated with poor prognosis. Recently, expression of MYCN was shown to be inversely correlated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) expression in neuroblastoma, and overexpression of AHR downregulated MYCN expression, promoting cell differentiation. Therefore, we further investigated the potential of AHR to serve as a prognostic indicator or a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. First, the clinical significance of AHR in neuroblastoma was examined. Positive AHR immunostaining strongly correlated with differentiated histology of neuroblastoma and predicted better survival for patients. The mouse xenograft model showed that overexpression of AHR significantly suppressed neuroblastoma tumor growth. In addition, activation of AHR by the endogenous ligand kynurenine inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. kynurenine treatment also upregulated the expression of KISS1, a tumor metastasis suppressor, and attenuated metastasis in the xenograft model. Finally, analysis of KISS1 levels in neuroblastoma patient tumors using the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform revealed that KISS1 expression positively correlated with AHR, and high KISS1 expression predicted better survival for patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that AHR is a novel prognostic biomarker for neuroblastoma, and that overexpression or activation of AHR offers a new therapeutic possibility for patients with neuroblastoma. Significance: These findings show that AHR may function as a tumor suppressor in childhood neuroblastoma, potentially influencing the aetiologic and therapeutic targeting of the disease.

Aim: To report a patient with diabetic rubeosis who suffered from acute retinal ischemic change and stroke after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Methods: A 55-year-old man had diabetes with unilateral rubeosis and macular edema. Three days after receiving intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg in 0.1 ml), he developed acute vision loss and change of consciousness. A complete ocular examination, fluorescein angiography, carotid artery Doppler sonography and brain magnetic resonance imaging were performed. Results: Best corrected visual acuity before injection was 6/60 in the left eye. He had underlying left carotid artery stenosis combined with bilateral preproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Three days after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, acute ocular ischemic syndrome occurred. He also suffered from acute stroke, and brain magnetic resonance angiography showed total left internal carotid artery occlusion. The final visual acuity was no light perception in the left eye and 3/6 in the right eye. Conclusions: Patients receiving intravitreal injections of bevacizumab should be evaluated for potential systemic risk factors such as carotid insufficiency, coagulopathy and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Acute ocular ischemic change may be associated with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in patients with vascular compromised diabetic retinopathy and/or underlying stenosis of the carotid artery.

Phenotypical and functional differences in the intrinsic skin aging process of individuals between Caucasians and Asians have generated considerable interest in dermatology and cosmetic industry. Most of the studies focused on the stratum corneum, and in some other studies inter-individual differences overwhelms the racial difference. None of the studies comparatively analyzes the difference from the histopathological point of view. Here we report our harmonic generation microscopy study to analyze the difference of intrinsic aging between Caucasian and Asian skin from a histopathological point of view. As a result, the cellular and nuclear areas of basal cells in Caucasian subjects were found to increase at the same rate as the Asian subjects, ideal for scoring age. The maximum thickness of the viable epidermis, the dermal papilla (DP) volume per unit area and the depth of the DP zone in Caucasians were found to decrease at faster rates than those in Asians. K E Y W O R D SAsian, Caucasian, dermal papillae, harmonic generation microscopy, in vivo imaging, intrinsic aging, race, viable epidermis

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Within 1 week postinfarct of rAION, IVI-TA had neuroprotective effects on RGC survival with an increase in the electrophysiological amplitude of VEPs and a decrease in microglial infiltration in the ONs.