The objective of the research was to understand and improve the unusual physical and atomization properties of the complexes/adhesives derived from the tapioca starch by addition of borate and urea. The characterization of physical properties of the synthesized adhesives was carried out by determining the effect of temperature, shear rate, and mass concentration of thickener/stabilizer on the complex viscosity, density, and surface tension. In later stage, phenomenological analyses of spray jet breakup of heated complexes were performed in still air. Using a high speed digital camera, the jet breakup dynamics were visualized as a function of the system input parameters. The further analysis of the grabbed images confirmed the strong influence of the input processing parameters on full cone spray patternation. It was also predicted that the heated starch adhesive solutions generate a dispersed spray pattern by utilizing the partial evaporation of the spraying medium. Below 40°C of heating temperature, the radial spray cone width and angle did not vary significantly with increasing Reynolds and Weber numbers at early injection phases leading to increased macroscopic spray propagation. The discharge coefficient, mean flow rate, and mean flow velocity were significantly influenced by the load pressure but less affected by the temperature.
This study presents the preparation of activated carbon from durian shell (DShAC) and durian seed (DSeAC) based by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent under the nitrogen flow. In order to find the optimum physical characteristics, variation in concentration of KOH, carbonization temperature and duration time was employed. The result shows that activated carbon from durian waste is a promising activated carbon as the highest yield was obtained from the carbonization process that occurs at 400C for four hours with the KOH concentration is 0.6 M.
A low cost adsorbent for waste water treatment can be achieved by producing an activated carbon from agriculture waste. In this research work, the activated carbons were prepared from durian shell using the physical and chemical activation at different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide followed by carbonization at high temperature under the flow of nitrogen gas. The produced activated carbon was characterized to obtain the physical and chemical properties. The adsorption of methylene blue dye has been studied in this experiment and the results showed that the efficiency of dye removal was increased for the treated durian shell as compare to the untreated one. It is found that 99% of methylene blue has been removed using durian shell activated carbon (DShAC) that treated at the conditions 0.6M H2O2at 700°C for 30 minutes.
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