This paper presents the design of a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for a fifth-generation (5G) smartphone that will work in dual-band. The antenna proposed in this work operates at 2 frequency ranges, i.e., (3300-3600) MHz and (4800-5000) MHz. The antenna design consists of four antennas that are placed perpendicular to the edge of the system and this makes it different from the traditional 5G antennas. The area of each antenna on the side frames is (3.9×17 mm), and hence can be used in ultra-thin smartphones for 5G applications. The reflection coefficient obtained in the simulations is less than -6 dB for the required band, which suggests that the required impedance matching is obtained. The antenna proposed is designed by using central time zone (CST) microwave studio.
The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems for generating electric power is increasing in our everyday lives but since the generated voltage and current vary non linearly it has been very difficult to trace the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV systems so to overcome with this problem many power tracking methods were introduced out of which fuzzy logic technique was found to be one of the easy and efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method. In this paper, various MPPT algorithms are observed how they help in improving the efficiency of PV systems by adjusting the duty ratio of the power interface, and also understand why the fuzzy logic control (FLC) technique is preferred over other algorithms. The system was established using MATLAB/Simulink.
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