This paper presents an attempt at a unified approach for the assessment of outdoor lighting solutions at the design stage. First of all, the lighting criteria for different types of outdoor lighting installations have been carefully described. Despite the differences in criteria, it is possible to find a common ground for the assessment of lighting solutions at the design stage. This is based on the need for the assessment of lighting solutions to be included in the requirements for the luminous environment, light pollution, and energy efficiency. The review and analysis of the standards and reports allows an experimental procedure to be created, the main aim of which is to find the best and most sustainable lighting solution for any outdoor situation. The procedure was tested by the example of an analysis of parking lot lighting solutions. In the case analyzed, 120 solutions were considered. It appeared that, in only 65 cases were the requirements referring to both lighting condition and light pollution met. Finally, based on the lighting energy efficiency assessment, ten solutions were selected as the most suitable. Furthermore, only one solution out of the ten was the most beneficial, taking into account the extra criterion of basic economic cost. The case study confirms that the assessment procedure allows the most beneficial solution to be selected, taking into account the luminous environment, as well as light pollution and energy efficiency criteria. The proposed multi-criteria assessment procedure may be used as a valuable tool by lighting designers to select the most beneficial solution in order to meet the needs of safety, visual efficiency, and comfort, as well as taking into account light pollution and energy efficiency restrictions.
The main aim of this work is to present different methods of calculation of these new parameters: floodlighting utilization factor, useful luminous flux, loss of luminous flux and coefficient of floodlighting utilization factor. Each method is carefully described. There is also a general analysis of the assumptions and restrictions used in the calculations. The results of the calculations are presented and broadly discussed with reference to a very simple and a more complex floodlighting design. It was found that these parameters are very helpful and convenient in the assessment of the quality of floodlighting at the design level.
The main aim of this work is to present a new method of floodlighting – the ‘Layered Method’. It has been possible to create this method due to the rapid development of linear luminaires with LEDs. When luminaires are located a very short distance from an illuminated wall and are directed at a low angle, the layered floodlighting method gives an unusual and interesting visual effect. In this situation, the length of light distribution on the illuminated wall is the same as the length of the light line and is rather short in width. This gives the opportunity of creating the effect of a layer of light, which can be used, for example, to illuminate Renaissance tenement houses and all types of longitudinal architectural details, such as tympanums or balusters. This paper presents the state-of-the-art use of the layered method of floodlighting. All advantages and disadvantages, in terms of lighting technology and architecture, are carefully described. The ideas contained in this paper could be useful for those who are interested in making architectural objects more beautiful by means of illumination at night-time.
An observer of a floodlit object is able to reflect, contemplate upon and observe the beauty of their environment. However, one has to remember that floodlighting is also associated with some threats to the environment. Firstly, with regard to the low energy efficiency of floodlighting, and secondly with regard to the phenomenon of light pollution. This work is concerned with a preliminary consideration of the assessment of these two threats at a design level. Some new and useful parameters are also discussed and calculated. Streszczenie. Nocne oświetlenie obiektów architektonicznych skłania odbiorcę do refleksji, przeżywania i dostrzegania piękna swojego otoczenia. Należy jednak pamiętać, że luminacja obiektów jest również związana z pewnymi zagrożeniami. Po pierwsze kwestią niskiej efektywności energetycznej oświetlenia, po drugie zjawiskiem zanieczyszczenia światłem środowiska. Referat przedstawia wstępne rozważania na temat sposobu oceny tych dwóch zagrożeń, na poziomie projektowym, odbywającej się za pomocą nowych parametrów. (Próba kontroli efektywności energetycznej i zanieczyszczenia światłem w iluminacji obiektów).
Energy efficiency and light pollution are important issues in modern lighting technology. The field of electric lighting is characterized by the potential for large savings to be made and the possibility of the reduction of unwelcome threats. However, the issues of energy efficiency and light pollution have so far not been considered within the context of floodlighting. The main aim of this paper is to present the main considerations in this area. This analysis is based on computer simulations and a proposal for the assessment of these problems is carefully described. Additionally, the connection of visual effect to energy efficiency and light pollution is presented by means of the variant approach.
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