No abstract

No abstract

Replacement of natural aggregates with moderately cement treated soil in sub-base and base layers is identified to be prevailing construction practice in low volume roads. However, robustunderstanding of strength and durability characteristics of these soil-cement moderately treatedlayers is considered to be significant prerequisite. Numerous studies were carried out on conventional strength properties of soil-cement treatment in subgrade and granular layers. Limited studies were reported on understanding the durable performance of these mix material under the influence of vehicular transient loadings, and environmental loadings

No abstract

Since last few years Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are being used to treat secondary or tertiary municipal or domestic wastewater effluents have been recognized as an effective means of “green technology” for wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands (CWs) provide a natural way for simple, inexpensive, and robust wastewater treatment. The idea of natural management systems is the restoration of disturbed ecosystems and their sustainability for remuneration to nature. The Constructed wetlands (CWs) are designed to copy natural wetland systems, utilizing wetland plants, soil and associated microorganisms using various biological, physicochemical processes to remove unwanted constituents from wastewater effluents. This review paper studies various types of constructed wetlands, i.e., surface or subsurface, vertical or horizontal flow and their type of operation, i.e., continuous, batch or intermittent flow, loading rate, selection of plants and wastewater characteristics that affect the treatment efficiency. The design models with their suitability for various parameters and operational conditions such as Darcy’s equation, Kadlec and Knight Model (K-C* model), Arrhenius equation, and population equivalent calculation have been discussed. Lastly, future research requirements have been considered.