Introduction: Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. (Leguminosae) is the tropical plant which has been used as natural poison as well as veterinary medicine due to its best-known phytochemical compound, rotenone to kill invertebrates and fish. However, there is no report on pharmacognostic specification and quantification of rotenone content from D. elliptica stems. Objective: This present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic parameters as well as to conduct the validated methods to quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems following WHO guideline. Methods: Dried D. elliptica stems from 15 different areas in Thailand were examined for pharmacognostic secification. Their rotenone contents were quantitatively analyzed by TLC densitometry using winCATS software as well as TLC-image analysis using ImageJ free software. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, TLC fingerprint and physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The water content, loss on drying, total ash content and acidinsoluble ash content were determined to be 8.81±1.30, 5.77 ±0.92, 7.35±0.63, 1.221±0.20%, respectively. The ethanol, and water-soluble extractive values were found to be 4.07±1.23 and 11.31±1.68%, respectively. Additionally, the validation method for quantification of rotenone content was developed. The contents of rotenone in D. elliptica stem ethanolic extract evaluated by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 0.2870±0.1242 and 0.2844±0.1209% by dried weight, respectively. The result between these two analytical methods were shown no significant difference. Conclusion: The validated methods were able to effectively quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems from various locations in Thailand which could be used for the specification of this raw material with reference to its chemical marker. Thus, this study provides the necessary and adequate information for authentication and standardization of D. elliptica stems.
Chinese herbal medicine formula Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan (ZSXPW) is commonly used for gastrointestinal diseases. Previous research showed ZSXPW also suggested for diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ZSXPW in treating adult DGP. Six databases, including Pubmed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China Network Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Chinese Scientific Journals were searched from their inceptions to November 2021. Only randomized control trials (RCTs) evaluating ZSXPW for adult DGP were included in this review. Two investigators independently evaluated and extracted the data. Total 11 RCTs and 802 participants were included in the review. In these studies, ZSXPW was compared with oral cisapride, domperidone, and mosapride citrate tablets. The outcomes of effective rate, stomach emptying time, stomach emptying rate, motilin, gastrin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and adverse events were analyzed. The effective rate of ZSXPW is higher than other pharmacotherapies (RR:1.24, 95% CI [1.16,1.32]). The results showed intervention group has better effect on gastric emptying time used (MD: -0.51, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.21]) and gastric emptying rate (MD: 19.32, 95% CI [12.82, 25.83]) than the comparison group. The meta-analysis results showed ZSXPW is effective on adult DGP.
The genus Derris belonging to Fabaceae family are distributed along the equatorial zone in Africa and Asia. In Thailand, 16 species of Derris species can be found throughout the country. Derris elliptica (Hanglai-Dang), is well-known among fishermen and gardeners as fish poison and insecticide, especially the stem and root which contain isoflavonoid compound named rotenone. This study established the pharmacognostic specification of Derris elliptica dried stem crude drug and developed the quantitative analysis of rotenone content in D. elliptica stem using TLC-densitometry and image analysis. The physico-chemical parameters of D. elliptica stem included total ash, acid-insoluble ash, loss on drying and water contents that should not be more than 7, 1, 5 and 8 g/ 100g crude drug, respectively. The ethanol and water extractive values should not be less than 4 and 11 g/ 100 g crude drug, respectively. Microscopic characteristics (transverse section and powder) of D.elliptica stem were illustrated by hand drawing. Rotenone contents obtained from both quantitative TLC were 0.2870 ± 0.1242 and 0.2844 ±0.1209 g/100 g crude drug, respectively which was not statistically significantly different (P > 0.05). In vitro biological activities of the stem ethanolic extract and rotenone revealed the antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory properties and brine shrimp toxicity. MTT assay revealed that the ethanolic extract and rotenone were marginal cytotoxic (LC50 > 20 µg/ml) against the cancer cells (MAD-231, HepG2, HT-29, CaCo-2). Microscopic leaf characteristics including leaf constant numbers of 8 Derris ( D. amonea, D. malaccensis, D. elliptica, D. reticulate, D. trifoliate, D. indica, D. solorioides ) were shown that stomatal number, stomata index, palisade ratio, epidermal cell area, trichome number could be used as the identification key for selected 8 species. DNA fingerprinting using ISSR 11, 12, 14, 17 and 35 as primers produced a total of distinct and reproducible 256 bands. The genetic relationship among selected Derris species presented the similarity index between 0.11 to 0.43. The information from this research can be applied for identification of D. elliptica stems in Thailand as well as providing the information of pharmacogenetic specification, including rotenone content in and in vitro biological properties of D. elliptica stem.
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