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The probability of unexpected urban flood hazards is steadily increasing due to global warming and climate change. Consequently, there is a growing need for safety criteria determining the trafficability of inundated roads to ensure a fast and safe evacuation of people in case of such events. In order to determine those criteria, experimental investigations on the stability of two scaled watertight vehicle models and of one prototype passenger car are conducted in a laboratory flume and a steel tank. The conducted flume experiments clearly show a dependency of vehicle stability on the flow angle, whereas the prototype experiments indicate that floating water depths are higher in prototype than in model scale, which is due to the use of a watertight vehicle model. Based on both experiments, a constant total head is proposed as decisive parameter for determining trafficability. This parameter approximates the measured stability curves and can be easily adopted in practice. Furthermore, it is in accordance with fording depths evaluated from relevant literature or by means of manufacturer inquiry. The recommended safety criteria for passenger cars and emergency vehicles are total heads of h E ¼0.3 m ¼const. and h E ¼0.6 m¼const., respectively.

a b s t r a c tThe present work aims to enhance the energy efficiency of water supply networks by investigating technical and economical feasibility of energy recovery plants at low installed capacities. A cost effective stainless steel machine is investigated in pump and turbine operation and established conversion methods are used for predicting the best efficiency point of the turbine. The obtained results show a reasonable agreement of the BEP, but experimental investigations are still indispensable for a determination of complete Q-H-characteristics.The hydraulic machine is implemented in field at the transfer shaft of a high-level tank and valuable data concerning investment costs and water hammer have been collected. A proposed cost classification scheme will facilitate the acquisition of investment costs for further applications. The economic profitability of the hydropower plant is evaluated by the net present value method and the obtained results give incentives to exploit unused energy recovery potential within water supply systems.

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