As part of a sustainable power system, a synergy between electric mobility and renewable energy sources (RESs) can play a crucial role on mitigating the nature of RESs and defer costly grid upgrades via smart-charging. This paper presents a distributed autonomous control architecture for electric vehicle (EV) chargers and a clustering method for charging coordination. The architecture framework is detailed depending on the number of chargers and specific location properties. Moreover, the framework unveils the communication, measurement and power flow. The aforementioned approach aims at simplifying the overall charging experience for the EV owners while coupling it with a healthy grid behavior. The proposed control architecture is simulated on a prosumer case with two EVs. The performance of the controller is considerably affected by observability capabilities of current smart-meters. Faster measurement cycles of smartmeters can reduce the overshoot time span but not prevent it.
The mass penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) could develop grid stability problems due to the increase of peak loads created by coincident charging factors. Smart charging is the control of the EV charging loads and has long been identified as a potential solution. Smart charging could also contribute to grid stability by mitigating the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation. This paper describes the current status of EV flexibility services at the distribution level. The analysis of the smart charging status is done considering the technological, economic and regulatory frameworks, and presenting what the different barriers of each of these aspects are. Additionally, the paper introduces the ACDC project (Autonomously Controlled Distributed Charger), which aims at developing an EV clustering method based on distributed smart charging control logic for flexibility services. For divulgation purposes, the scheduled test case scenario of the parking lot at the Technical University of Denmark is described. The paper concludes on some of the most relevant actions to overcome the most imminent barriers and to push further the rollout of EV charging infrastructure towards the target EV penetration planned by policymakers.
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for residential photovoltaic (PV) prosumers are becoming more popular with the reduction of battery prices, as a means of increasing self-consumption. When considering prosumers that also own an electric vehicle (EV), smart charging can also fulfill the same objective. This paper assesses the benefits of a PV prosumer with an EV under two options: installing a BESS or applying smart charging. Smart charging is applied with the goal of reducing energy imports by charging the EV when there is excess of production. The effect of using a BESS of varying inverter and storage size is also investigated, when operated under a simple energy import minimization logic. We use a yearly dataset of real 5-min measurements collected from a Danish household with a 6 kWp PV plant. The prosumer also owns a 62 kWh Nissan LEAF. We find that smart charging increases self-consumption from 29% to 54%, leading to yearly savings of 220 e . Through a sensitivity analysis we find that a BESS of 8 kWh / 2 kW yields similar yearly results. Given the approximately 20 times higher payback period of the BESS, we conclude that smart charging is economically much more attractive.
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