Our study confirmed the low prevalence (0.7%) of diagnosed symptomatic CD at the time of clinical diagnosis but document by screening an increasing prevalence of silent CD during a 5-yr follow-up to reach an overall prevalence of 10%. We suggest that children with T1DM should be screened for CD at the onset of T1DM and annually for a minimum of at least 2 yr. HLA genotypes among T1DM patients developing CD were not different from those among patients with T1DM alone.

Aims We tested whether autoantibodies to all three ZnT8RWQ variants, GAD65, insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), insulin and autoantibodies to islet cell cytoplasm (ICA) in combination with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) would improve the diagnostic sensitivity of childhood type 1 diabetes by detecting children who otherwise would have been autoantibody negative. Methods

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The mechanisms by which gestational infections, blood incompatibility, birth weight, mother's age and other prenatal or neonatal events increase the risk for type 1 diabetes are not understood. Studies so far have been retrospective, and there is a lack of population-based prospective studies. The possibility of identifying children at type 1 diabetes risk among first-degree relatives has resulted in prospective studies aimed at identifying postnatal events associated with the appearance of autoantibody markers for type 1 diabetes and a possible later onset of diabetes. However, the majority (85%) of new onset type 1 diabetes children do not have a first-degree relative with the disease. Population-based studies are therefore designed to prospectively analyse pregnant mothers and their offspring. One such study is DiPiS (Diabetes Prediction in Skåne), which is examining a total of about 10,000 pregnancies expected every year in the Skåne (Scania) region of Sweden that has 1.1 million inhabitants. Blood samples from all mothers in this region are obtained during pregnancy and at the time of delivery. Cord blood is analysed for HLA high-risk alleles and for autoantibodies against the 65 kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), the protein tyrosine phosphatase-related IA-2 antigen (IA-2A) and insulin (IAA) as a measure of prenatal autoimmune exposure. Identifying high-risk children by genetic, autoimmune and gestational risk factors followed by prospective analyses will make it possible to test the hypothesis that gestational events may trigger beta cell autoimmunity as a prerequisite for childhood type 1 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis High birthweight and increased childhood growth are risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Relative birthweight is associated with HLA genotypes that confer a high risk of diabetes. Our aims were to test whether young children prior to clinical onset of type 1 diabetes have increased: (1) birthweight or birth length standard deviation scores (SDS); (2) height development SDS; or (3) BMI SDS during first 18 months of life and whether these parameters are related to HLA genotypes or mid-parental height (MPH). Methods Birthweight, birth length, weight and height were obtained from 58 type 1 diabetes children and 155 controls matched for HLA or not in the Diabetes Prediction in Skåne study. Results Birth length SDS corrected for MPH was increased in children developing diabetes compared with all (p< 0.048) and with non-HLA-(p<0.050) but not with HLAmatched controls. Children developing diabetes had increased height gain at 0 to 18 months of age (p<0.005). Diabetic children were significantly taller from 6 to 18 months of age when correcting for MPH compared with non-HLA-matched as well as HLA-matched controls, but BMI was not increased. Conclusions/interpretation Birth length SDS was associated with diabetes risk HLA. When corrected for MPH, children developing diabetes were taller at birth than non-HLA-but not taller than HLA-matched controls. Diabetic children had increased MPH-corrected height up to 18 months of age compared with both HLA-and non-HLA-matched controls. High-risk HLA affects prenatal growth, but other factors may explain the increased postnatal linear growth in children developing diabetes.

The macromolecular crystallography beamline I911-3, part of the Cassiopeia/ I911 suite of beamlines, is based on a superconducting wiggler at the MAX II ring of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden. The beamline is energytunable within a range between 6 and 18 keV. I911-3 opened for users in 2005. In 2010-2011 the experimental station was completely rebuilt and refurbished such that it has become a state-of-the-art experimental station with better possibilities for rapid throughput, crystal screening and work with smaller samples. This paper describes the complete I911-3 beamline and how it is embedded in the Cassiopeia suite of beamlines.

Spin-valley splitting of the 1s(T2) states of the ionized chalcogen donors S+, Se+, and Te+ in silicon is reported. The magnitude of the splitting is shown to be related to the impurity atomic spin-orbit splitting. The data are compared with the corresponding splittlngs of Sb and Hi donor 1Inpuritlcs ln slllcon. Plcdlctlons of the magnitudes of thc hitherto unobserved splittings of the neutral chalcogen donors and other group-V donors are made. In addition, the binding energies of the 1s(T2) states are compared with recent calculations by Altarelli. The available data on 1s states of group-V and -VI donor impurities in silicon are discussed.

Tris-chelated metal complexes with octahedral geometry are sometimes used as building blocks for "self assembly" and "crystal engineering". These versatile building blocks easily form honey-comb type 2D nets. However, in this Perspective we discuss the different types of 3D nets that can be formed with these starting materials using Wells classification, and concentrate on the (10,3) nets. We show that several of these, and not only the (10,3)-a net, are possible by analysing the geometrical requirements of each net. We note that each possible net implies a specific assembly order of Delta or Lambda chirality of the building blocks.