The effects of wheat pentosans on protein digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in precision-fed chickens was investigated using the homoarginine marker technique. Addition of pentosans equivalent to 15 g and 35 g of wheat arabinoxylans per kg diet significantly depressed (P < 0.05) the overall digestibility of amino acids and increased (P < 0.05) endogenous losses of amino acids, but the inclusion of cellulose or polyethylene polymer (92 g per kg diet) had no measurable effects.
ObjectiveGut health improvements were monitored with respect to growth performance, diarrhea incidence, fecal bacterial population and intestinal morphology of suckling pigs orally supplemented with live Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) oral suspensions and challenged with F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC).MethodsTwo groups of newborn pigs from 18 multiparous sows were randomly designated as non-supplemented (control: n = 114 piglets) and L. salivarius supplemented groups (treatment: n = 87 piglets). Treatment pigs were orally administered with 2 mL of 109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL L. salivarius on days 1 to 3, then they were orally administered with 5 mL of 109 CFU/mL L. salivarius on days 4 to 10, while those in control group received an equal amount of phosphate buffered saline solution. On day 24 (2 weeks post supplementation), one pig per replicate of both groups was orally administered with 108 CFU/mL F4+ ETEC, then they were euthanized on day 29 of experiment.ResultsResults revealed that pigs in treatment group had a statistically significant increase in average daily gain, body weight and weight gain, and tended to lower diarrhea throughout the study. Numbers of Lactobacillus population in feces of treatment pigs were higher than control pigs, especially on day 10 of study. Numbers of total bacteria in intestinal contents of control pigs were also increased, but not Coliform and Lactobacillus populations. Histological examination revealed statistically significant improvements of villous height and villous/crypt ratio of duodenum, proximal jejunum and distal jejunum parts of treatment pigs compared with controls. Duodenal pH of treatment group was significantly decreased.ConclusionOral supplementation of live L. salivarius during the first 10 days of suckling pig promoted growth performance and gut health, reduced diarrhea incidence, increased fecal Lactobacillus populations and improved intestinal morphology.
An experiment was conducted to determine the additivity of apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibility values in soybean meal (SBM), sunflower meal (SFM), and meat and bone meal (MBM). A total of 63 individually caged 5-wk-old broilers were assigned to seven groups and given semi-purified diets containing SBM, SFM, MBM, and their combinations. True digestibilities were estimated by using the homoarginine in guanidinated proteins as the marker. Additivity was tested by comparing the differences between the observed digestibilities of ingredient combinations and the predicted values from measurements with individual ingredients. In general, for both apparent and true digestibilities, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the observed and predicted values in ingredient combinations. The only exception was SBM + MBM combination, in which the observed values for apparent digestibilities of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, and tyrosine were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the predicted values. Overall, the present results indicate that amino acid digestibility values are additive and that digestible amino acid supply in a complete diet can be predicted from amino acid digestibilities of individual ingredients.
The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of five different reaction conditions on the guanidination of lysine in casein and to establish optimum lysine:O‐methylisourea (OMIU) for maximum guanidination of lysine in casein and soya bean meal. The results indicate that the presence of glycine–NaOH buffer is not required for guanidination of proteins at pH 10·5. A OMIU concentration of 0·4 M was found to be as effective as 0·6 M for guanidination. Both OMIU–hydrogen sulphate and free OMIU were equally effective reagents in terms of conversion of lysine to homoarginine. The use of OMIU–hydrogen sulphate for guanidination and the use of ethanol to recover guanidinated protein, however, resulted in the formation of crystalline sodium sulphate, a known purgative agent, in the guanidinated material, and therefore are not recommended if the guanidinated protein is to be used in animal trials. The molar ratio of lysine: OMIU required for efficient lysine conversion to homoarginine varied for different protein sources. Ratios required for maximum conversion for casein and soya bean meal were determined to be 1:10 and 1:16, respectively. A simple procedure developed for the large‐scale guanidination (5–10 kg batches) of proteins is also described. The results showed that guanidination of proteins can be easily scaled up from 20 g to 5–10 kg and that large‐scale guanidination is feasible and efficient.
Percentages of antimicrobial resistance to Salmonella and Escherichia coli in poultry products were high in Thailand, thus, alternative to antibiotic growth promoter is required. The objective of this experiment aimed to examine the effect of dietary chitosan in broilers on blood and intestinal changes. Total of 392, day-old male Ross 308 broilers were allotted into four groups. Broilers in the control group (group 1) received commercial corn-soybean meal-based basal diet. Chicks in group 2 received basal diet supplemented with 200 ppm amoxicillin. Chitosan was added into the basal diet at 1 and 2 g/kg in groups 3 and 4, respectively. Data on growth performance as well as blood and digesta samples were collected on d 21 and 39. The results showed that 2 g/kg dietary chitosan significantly improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 22-39 and 1-39 (p < .05). This level of chitosan also increased the ratio of villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) (p < .05) while decreased the CD (p < .05). The supplementation of 1 and 2 g/kg chitosan in diet tended to reduce the ammonia-nitrogen in colonic digesta. Furthermore, both levels of chitosan enhanced number of Bacillus spp. while decreased number of E. coli (p < .001) leading to increased ratio of Lactobacillus and E. coli (p < .001). There were no significant effects on the heterophil (H): lymphocyte (L) ratio and coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility. In conclusion, the supplementation of 2 g/kg chitosan in broiler diets could be used as an alternative additive to antibiotic with its improvement on gut function. ARTICLE HISTORY
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