Abstract. In this paper, we examined the effect of salt stress (NaCl) and osmotic stress (sucrose) on proteomic level in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. The aim of this study is to compare proteins appeared in control vs. salt treated, control vs. sucrose treated and salt treated vs. sucrose treated cultures. In the salt treated cultures about 37 proteins were expressed differentially out of these only 5 proteins have shown fold regulation of 1.5 or more. About 141 proteins were found to express independently in control and about 554 proteins were express independently in salt treated culture. When we compared proteins in control and sucrose treated cells, it was reported that about 37 protein spots were express differentially, out of these only 7 proteins have fold regulation 1.5 or more. The independently expressed proteins appeared on gel are 141 and 186 respectively. Similarly, when we compared proteins appeared in salt and sucrose treated cells, it was reported that about 54 proteins were express differentially, out of these 10 proteins have fold regulation 1.5 or more. About 537 protein spots were independently present in salt treated cells and about 186 proteins were independently present in sucrose treated cells. In addition, the differentially expressed proteins and their identification with their functional group have also been discussed. Key words:Nostoc muscorum, osmotic stress, proteomic, salt stress IntroductionCyanobacteria are Gram negative eubacteria, their evolutionary history dated back to 2.7 billion years ago [1]. The origin of cyanobacteria and the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis have been considered as the most important event in the evolution of aerobic atmosphere. Cyanobacteria are known to be found in almost all the ecological niches with diverse environmental conditions. The native cyanobacterial species present in such habitats confronted with cation toxicity and water loss. The microorganisms, including cyanobacteria that grow and multiply in such stressful habitats have ability to change their morphological and physiological parameters to cope up with such stressful conditions [2]. The ionic component of the stress factor is usually overcome by the efflux mechanism driven by Na + /H + antiporter activity or by the Mrp system [3,4,2]. On the other hand the osmotic component of the stress factor is overcome by the synthesis/accumulation of low molecular weight organic compounds collectively known as compatible solutes [5,6]. The nature and the biosynthesis of compatible solutes depend upon the habitat in which cyanobacteria grow. The fresh water cyanobacterial strains are known to synthesized sucrose, trehalose and proline as an osmotic balancer [7,2,8]. Glucosyl-glycerol is a major compatible solute synthesized by moderately halotolerant strains [9,10]. On the other hand hyper saline strains produce glycine-betaine or glutamate-betaine as compatible solutes [11,12].The modern molecular biology techniques such as genomics and proteomics have provided valuable dat...
weed . An attempt has been made in the present paper to see whether Salvinia can be of some use in the paper in-
The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), an intermediate flexor of the forearm, can present with variations in the musculature or tendons. Here, we report a very rare anomaly of the FDS-V tendon replaced by a muscle belly in the palm, which was a progressive variation. This variation was found in a 60-year-old female cadaver on the right hand. The anomalous belly took its origin from the center of the volar aspect of the flexor retinaculum and was inserted into the A2 pulley of the middle interphalangeal joint to the little finger. The anomalous muscle was innervated by a branch of the median nerve. Knowledge of such variations will be useful for hand surgeons for meticulous planning of surgeries of the palm. The occurrences of such variations might interfere with the biomechanics of the FDS tendons.
Background: The present study was conducted for analysis of the morphometry shape and determination of sex by foramen Magnum. Methods: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 dried human skull of unknown age and sex were slected for present study from the Department of anatomy, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan. In case of skull bones, all 30 cranial bases were visually assessed for FM shape classification. Each FM shape was classified into one of the 8 types: oval, egg, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, combination of 2 different semicircles and irregular. Results: The mean anteroposterior diameter of foramen magnum male and female skull bones were found to be 37.17±1.76 mm and 33.92±3.50 mm respectively.The mean transverse diameter of foramen mgnum in male and female skull bones were found to be 29.49±2.68 mm and 29.38±2.47 mm respectively.The mean area of foramen magnum male and female skull bones were found to be 818.05±119.66 mm² and 847.57±105.85 mm² respectively.The mean index of foramen magnum in male and female skull bones were found to be 84.00±5.41 and 80.27±5.79 respectively.Overall skull bones showed a medium type of foramen magnum index . Conclusion: We concluded that the several anatomic parameters such as shape and dimensions of foramen magnum should be taken into consideration during surgery involving the craniovertebral junction. Also these can be used during forensic and anthropological investigation of unknown individuals for determining gender, ethnicity, etc Keywords: Skull, foramen magnum, skull.
In this study the proteome response of the two diazotrophic organism’s viz. Nostoc muscorum and Bradyrhizobium japonicum exposed to salt (NaCl) and osmotic (sucrose) stresses was compared. Out of the total over expressed proteins; we have selected only three over expressed proteins viz. GroEL chaperonin, nitrogenase Mo-Fe protein and argininosuccinate synthase for further analysis, and then we analyzed the amino acid frequencies of all the three over expressed proteins. That led to the conclusion that amino acids e.g. alanine, glycine and valine that were energetically cheaper to produce were showing higher frequencies. This study would help in tracing the phylogenetic relationship between protein families.
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