The transdermal drug delivery system is widely accepted due to its numerous advantages as it is a non-invasive drug administration process with prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance, and easy termination of drug therapy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Diclofenac sodium, Lornoxicam, Aceclofenac, Ibuprofen, antihypertensive drugs, for example, Repaglinide, Atenolol, and Antiviral agents such as Stavudine, zidovudine represents the most commonly used medications for the treatment of pain and inflammatory reaction but various side effects can limit their use. Therefore, transdermal delivery of these drugs has advantages of avoiding hepatic first-pass effect, gastric irritation and delivering the drug for an extended period of time at a sustained level. The present article mainly focuses on the work been done on these drugs by formulated and delivered as transdermal patches to decrease the side effects related to the oral delivery.
The present investigation was carried out for in-vitro cormel formation and to study the changes of biochemical composition during shoot and root differentiation from callus in gladiolus (Gladiolus × grandifforus L.). Cormel tip was used as explant for in-vitro regeneration on MS media supplemented with different plant growth regulators. Maximum callus formation was observed on MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l 2,4-D with excellent callus growth. The inducted calli were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA for best shooting followed by on ½ MS medium fortified with 3.0 mg/l IAA for best rooting. After two weeks of root initiation, the whole cluster of rooted plantlets was equally divided into two halves and the divided clusters were subcultured on cormel induction media. The different stages of morphogenesis, viz. non-differentiating callus, differentiating green callus, shoot differentiating callus and root differentiating callus were used for biochemical analysis. Maximum (55.0 %) and earliest (56.0 days) formation of cormels was observed on MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l NAA elevated with 6% sucrose with good cormel size of up to 7.0 mm diameter. Decrease in metabolities like starch, reducing sugars and total phenols while, increase in total soluble proteins was found during shoot and root differentiation. Activities of enzymes, viz. polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase increased during shoot and root differentiation. From the present investigation, it was proved that metabolic and enzymatic activity during in-vitro morphogenesis help gladiolus for rapid organogenesis and multiplication through cormel formation.
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