Background: We identified and analyzed the characteristics of

This new questionnaire is valid and reliable for diagnosing dysfunctional elimination syndrome. It can be used as a clinical or research instrument.

Rectal cleansing with povidone-iodine before transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy was safe, but the 42% relative risk reduction of infectious complications was not statistically significant. Patients who have received ciprofloxacin within 3 months of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy should be considered for alternate prophylaxis or possibly a delay of biopsy beyond 3 months.

No abstract

Results are consistent with the Cochrane Review in that single use hydrophilic coated catheters may not decrease the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection in community dwelling chronic intermittent catheterization users when compared to clean multiple use polyvinylchloride catheters.

Complications of the catheterizable channel are a frequent and challenging problem. They appear to occur throughout the life of the channel with most developing within the first 2 years. Further followup is required to assess the performance and durability of continent catheterizable channels in children as patients progress to adulthood.

Small RF after ESWL is clinically significant in children and increase the chance of adverse clinical outcome. These patients require close followup, particularly those with identifiable predisposing disorders.

attooing and body arts have become more prevalent in recent years, their popularity increasing among young adults. A population-based study revealed that one third of people younger than 30 years old in the United States have at least one tattoo. 1 Canadian data indicate that around 8% of high school students have at least one tattoo 2,3 and that 21% of those who did not have a tattoo were eager to have one. Tattooing requires injection of pigments into the dermal layer of skin by repeated puncture of the skin. Such close contact of the tattoo instruments with blood and bodily fluids may cause transmission of viral and bacterial infections if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. In North America, most cases of hepatitis B infection occur via blood or sexual contact. 4 Acute hepatitis B infection causes chronic infection in 6-10% of adolescents and adults; chronic infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and to cancer. 5 Thus, cases of hepatitis B infection due to tattooing have important clinical and public health implications. Results from epidemiologic studies regarding the risk of hepatitis among tattooed individuals are conflicting; 3,6 therefore, we conducted a review of the current literature in order to quantify, in a systematic fashion and by using appropriate meta-analytical techniques, the risk of transmission of hepatitis B infection.