The purpose of the study was to examine the factors contributing to performance of a side medicine-ball throw (S-MBT) and a fast side medicine-ball throw (FS-MBT) and to analyze some of the factors which account for the difference in side medicine ball throw performance between the sexes. Sixteen males and ten females were evaluated by S-MBT, FS-MBT, isometric maximal trunk rotation torque (IMTRT), One repetition maximum of Parallel Squat (1RM(PS)) and Bench Press (1RM(BP)), Bench Press peak power (BP(PP)), Static Squat Jump peak power (SSJ(PP)) and vertical jump height. Males demonstrated significantly greater scores than females in all measurements. Significant correlations were observed in males, but not in females, between the distances during S-MBT and the IMTRT values (r = 0.596-0.739, P < 0.05-0.01) and the 1RM(PS) values (r = 0.683-0.725, P < 0.01). In FS-MBT performance, significant correlations were observed in males, but not in females, between the ball velocity values during FS-MBT and the IMTRT values (r = 0.611-0.687, P < 0.05-0.01), 1RM(BP) values (r = 0.596-0.655, P < 0.05-0.01) and 1RM(PS) values (r = 0.679-0.718, P < 0.01). These results suggested that the contributing factors of S-MBT and FS-MBT performance were deferent in males and females. Hence, the side medicine-ball throw test would be useful to examine the trunk rotation power of male athletes, but may have a limited potential as a predictor of trunk rotation power for female athletes.
Walking and running are mechanically and energetically different locomotion modes. For selecting one or another, speed is a parameter of paramount importance. Yet, both are likely controlled by similar lowdimensional neuronal networks that reflect in patterned muscle activations called muscle synergies. Here, we challenged human locomotion by having our participants walk and run at a very broad spectrum of submaximal and maximal speeds. The synergistic activations of lower limb locomotor muscles were obtained through decomposition of electromyographic data via non-negative matrix factorization. We analyzed the duration and complexity (via fractal analysis) over time of motor primitives, the temporal components of muscle synergies. We found that the motor control of high-speed locomotion was so challenging that the neuromotor system was forced to produce wider and less complex muscle activation patterns. The motor modules, or time-independent coefficients, were redistributed as locomotion speed changed. These outcomes show that humans cope with the challenges of high-speed locomotion by adapting the neuromotor dynamics through a set of strategies that allow for efficient creation and control of locomotion.
Walking and running are mechanically and energetically different locomotion modes. For selecting one or another, speed is a parameter of paramount importance. Yet, both are likely controlled by similar low-dimensional neuronal networks that reflect in patterned muscle activations called muscle synergies. Here, we investigated how humans synergistically activate 25 muscles during locomotion at different submaximal and maximal speeds. We analysed the duration and complexity (or irregularity) over time of motor primitives, the temporal components of muscle synergies. We found that the challenge imposed by controlling high-speed locomotion forces the central nervous system to produce muscle activation patterns that are wider and less complex relative to the duration of the gait cycle. The motor modules, or time-independent 30 coefficients, were redistributed as locomotion speed changed. These outcomes show that robust locomotion control at challenging speeds is achieved by modulating the relative contribution of muscle activations and producing less complex and wider control signals, whereas slow speeds allow for more irregular control. 35
柴山 一仁 1) 貴嶋 孝太 2) 森丘 保典 3) 櫻井 健一 4) 一流 110 mハードル走選手のレースパターンと 競技パフォーマンスの関係:レース局面に基づく検討 1) 仙台大学体育学部 〒 989-1693 宮城県柴田郡柴田町船岡南 2-2-18 2) 大阪体育大学体育学部 〒 590-0496 大阪府泉南郡熊取町朝代台 1-1 3) 日本大学スポーツ科学部 〒 154-0002 東京都世田谷区下馬 3-34-1 4) 国際武道大学体育学部 〒 299-5295 千葉県勝浦市新官 841 連絡先 柴山一仁
The purpose of the present study was to examine characteristics of muscle anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) for different regions from proximal to distal parts of each muscle of the hamstring muscles in high-level sprinters, and to examine the relationship with those and the sprint performance. The CSA of the semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus (SM), biceps femoris long head (BFL) and biceps femoris short head (BFS) at the four different region of hamstring muscles for twenty sprinters (SPRINT) and twenty healthy male control subjects (CTRL) were measured by using B-mode ultrasonography. The measured regions were divided into four parts from proximal to distal parts (PRO1, PRO2, DIS2, DIS1). The results clearly showed that absolute CSA values in distal parts for all muscles together with PRO2 in ST were greater in SPRINT than in CTRL. When relative CSA values to the entire hamstrings muscles in each region were compared, only relative CSA at PRO1 in ST was greater in SPRINT than in CTRL, conversely, that at proximal regions in BFL and distal regions in BFS were smaller in SPRINT. In the relationships with sprint performance, the CSAs at PRO1 and PRO2 in ST and at PRO1 in SM were only related negatively. These results suggest that distal parts of hamstring muscles for SPRINT may be characteristics for sprint runners. However, the movements related to the specific hypertrophy (PRO1 and PRO2 in ST, PRO1in SM) may play important roles of the improvement of their sprint performance. Med, 67(6): 383-391 (2018) Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports
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