Background:The objective of the present study is to compare the findings of comprehensive geriatric assessments between community-dwelling elderly in Indonesia and those in Japan. Methods:A cross-sectional, interview-and examination-based was undertaken. Subjects of the study consisted of community-dwelling elderly living in two rural towns in Indonesia and in a town in Japan: 436 people aged 62 years and over who were living in two rural towns in west Java in Indonesia, and 411 people aged 65 years and over who were living in Kyoto, Japan. They were examined using a common comprehensive geriatric assessment tool. Interviews, or mail surveys were conducted pertaining to activities of daily living (ADL), medical and social history, quality of life (QOL) and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, as well as anthropometric, neurobehavioral and blood chemical examinations were included in the assessment. The findings from the three groups were compared using ANOVA and Post Hoc Scheffe's F-test. Results:The scores of basic ADLs, instrumental self-maintenance, intellectual activities, social role and Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-IC) were lower in the two Indonesian towns than in Japan. The prevalence of depression (15-item Geriatric Depression Scale score of 6 or more and of 10 or more) was higher and QOL scores, except subjective sense of family and friend relationship, were lower in the Indonesian elderly subjects than in the Japanese ones. Mean blood pressure measurements and the proportion of subjects with systolic pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure > 90 mmHg was higher in Indonesia than in Japan while body mass index was lower in the Indonesians than in Japanese. Total cholesterol levels and blood hemoglobin levels were lower in the Indonesian elderly than in the Japanese. Conclusion:In economically developing Indonesia, the elderly had lower ADLs and QOLs, than Japanese elderly. Of particular note is the higher rate of hypertension in West Java in Indonesia, which is probably associated with dietary habits. Although several trials Geriatric assessment in Indonesia 169
Various factors influence palm oil production, including planting material, environment (climate and soil), and cultivation management. The environment occupies a crucial position that can affect crop production potential even with optimal cultivation management. Unfavorable climatic conditions, for instance, drought, can cause water deficit, which has implications for crop productivity. This paper aims to get a comparative study for the effect of water deficit on the inflorescence period, namely the sex determination phase (29 months before harvesting) and floral abortion (10 months before harvesting). The research was carried out on oil palm plantations on peatland in Riau, Indonesia, with the characteristic annual rainfall of 2000 mm/ year. This study employs a simple regression analysis on panel data of five years and two estates for data analysis. The result highlights that the increase of a 100 mm water deficit on oil palm peatland plantation impacts the decrease in productivity by 6% in the sex determination phase. In contrast, in the floral abortion phase, the decline in productivity is more significant, namely 7%. The analysis also indicated that the research deficit had more impact on the bunch number than the bunch weight.
This paper reports the track multiplicity and kinematics of muons, charged pions, and protons from charged-current inclusiveν μ and ν μ interactions on a water target, measured using a nuclear emulsion detector in the NINJA experiment. A 3-kg water target was exposed to the T2K antineutrino-enhanced beam corresponding to 7.1 × 10 20 protons on target with a mean energy of 1.3 GeV. Owing to the high granularity of the nuclear emulsion, protons with momenta down to 200 MeV=c from the neutrino-water interactions were detected. We find good agreement between the observed data and model predictions for all kinematic distributions other than the number of charged pions and the muon kinematics shapes. These results demonstrate the capability of measurements with nuclear emulsion to improve neutrino interaction models.
a b s t r a c tBackground/Purpose: The functional reach test (FRT), which was developed as a clinical balance assessment tool, has been widely used as a fall risk assessment tool in elderly people. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reference value and the presence of systematic bias in the FRT using the methodology of meta-analysis in community-dwelling elderly people. Methods: Relevant research articles were sought from electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Igakucyuouzasshi. The search was conducted from January 1990 to August 2011, and the terms "functional reach" and "elderly" were used in combination in the search. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed research articles involving Japanese elderly people with good functioning, aged 60 years and older. Weighted means were calculated for the reference value of FRT by a fixed effect model and a random effect model. Furthermore, weighted least squares regression was performed to determine the presence of systematic bias in the reference value of FRT. Results: A total of 19 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, including 4274 participants whose mean age ranged from 69.0 to 81.4 years. The reference value of FRT was 29.44 cm (95% confidence interval: 27.60e31.27 cm) using the random-effect model, since the reference value using the fixed-effect model was found to have significant heterogeneity. Furthermore, multivariate weighted least squares regression was performed, and sex, age, height, and measurement method (one-arm or two-arm reach) were all independently associated with the FRT value (multiple R 2 ¼ 0.295, c 2 ¼ 76.6, p < 0.001).Conclusions: Since participants' characteristics (sex, age, and height) and measurement method are probably related to systematic error in the FRT, judgment of physical function in elderly people using only the reference value determined in this study may have limitations.
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